Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) of the United States is an archival program led by the Library of Congress to archive and provide access to digital resources. The U.S. Congress established the program in 2000. The Library was chosen because of its role as one of the leading providers of high-quality content on the Internet. The Library of Congress has formed a national network of partners dedicated to preserving specific types of digital content that is at risk of loss. In July 2010, the Library launched a National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) to extend the work of NDIIPP to more institutions. The organization, which has been hosted by the Digital Library Federation since January 2016, focuses on several goals. It develops improved preservation standards and practices; works with experts to identify categories of digital information that are most worthy of preservation; and takes steps to incorporate content into a national collection. It provides national leadership for digital preservation education and training. NDSA also provides communication and outreach for all aspects of digital preservation. The NDSA membership includes universities, professional associations, commercial businesses, consortia, and government agencies.
  • 530
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Daighi Tongiong Pingim
Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (Taiwanese phonetic transcription system, abbr: DT; Chinese: 臺語通用拼音) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.
  • 524
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Leaving a Doll's House: A Memoir
Leaving a Doll's House: A Memoir is an autobiography written by British actress Claire Bloom and published in 1996. Bloom writes about her life, career and relationships, including her first marriage to Rod Steiger. The main focus is on her troubled relationship with writer Philip Roth.
  • 499
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Storable Votes
Storable Votes (also storable voting) is a multiple-issue electoral system with the potential to promote minority rights relative to a simple majority system. More generally, it allows voters to express the relative intensities of their preferences over different issues, in addition to the direction of their preferences.
  • 493
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COSO-Based Internal Control and Comprehensive Enterprise Risk Management: Institutional Background and Research Evidence from China
China’s internal control framework follows the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework, emphasizing enterprise risk management and encompassing financial reporting, operations, compliance, and strategies. The authors review research that uses the COSO-based Internal Control Index to assess internal control quality among all publicly listed firms in China. Unlike the binary classification of internal control weaknesses under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404, this continuous index captures more nuanced variations in internal control effectiveness and provides two key advantages over traditional assessment of internal control over financial reporting (ICFR). First, while financial reporting can enhance a firm’s monitoring and decision-support systems, the underlying information is determined by operations. Thus, internal control over operations has a greater impact on a firm’s performance than ICFR. While U.S.-based research argues that the effects of ICFR extend to operations, the COSO-based index includes operational controls, allowing for a more direct study of internal control effects. Second, many U.S. corporations fail to report internal control weaknesses, particularly during misstatement years. In contrast, the COSO-based index, compiled by independent scholars, avoids managerial incentives to withhold negative internal control information. Covering institutional background and research evidence from China, the authors survey a wide range of internal control studies related to various aspects of enterprise risk management, such as earnings quality, crash risk, stock liquidity, resource extraction, cash holdings, mergers and acquisitions, corporate innovation, receivable management, operational efficiency, tax avoidance, and diversification strategy.
  • 446
  • 24 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Servant Leadership: The Key to Unlocking Employee Loyalty
This qualitative study explores the complex relationship between servant leadership and faculty loyalty in Saudi public universities. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 30 faculty from 6 institutions, it examines how cultural dimensions (hierarchy, collectivism) inform attitudes toward servant leadership and subsequent loyalty. It illustrates a complicated relationship between leadership and faculty in this mostly unique higher education environment. The findings suggest the power of cultural factors to shape response to leadership style and faculty buy-in. Although societal, governance, and academic cultures in most countries align with servant leadership due to its holistic approach through civic engagement and emphasis on community and service-based cooperation, hierarchical structures and traditional university power dynamics are one of the few barriers to the study’s implementation. The study underscores the need for contextual sensitivity, but with concrete and fresh insights that could inform future bespoke leadership development strategies and processes in Saudi higher education in particular. It posits that servant leadership can enhance and develop a positive academic community, which is a contributing factor in achieving Saudi Vision 2030’s goals of human capital development.
  • 413
  • 27 May 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Consumer Behaviour and Food Waste in Greece: Insights from 2012 to 2024
Food waste is a significant challenge for modern societies, leading to environmental, social, and economic consequences. In developed countries, including Greece, food waste primarily occurs the final stage of consumption, making consumer behaviour a key factor in addressing this issue. This entry aims to highlight consumer behaviour regarding to food waste in Greece from 2012 to 2024 by synthesizing and evaluating published and unpublished research. Using a systematic review approach, this entry identifies the key trends, behavioural patterns, and determinants of food waste among Greek consumers. The findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic characteristics, economic conditions, and consumer awareness on food waste behaviour. Notably, financial constraints during economic crises have influenced waste reduction, while a growing awareness of food labelling and meal planning has emerged as a consistent trend over time. Additionally, segmentation analyses reveal distinct consumer groups based on their waste-conscious behaviours, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. This entry contributes to the literature by offering a comprehensive overview of consumer behavioural trends over a 12-year period, identifying knowledge gaps, and proposing strategic directions for future research and policy-making. Understanding these behavioural patterns is essential for developing effective measures to reduce food waste and promote sustainable consumption practices.
  • 376
  • 10 Apr 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
From Progression to Regression: How Running Performance Changes for Males and Females Across the Lifespan
Running enjoys worldwide popularity across age groups and sexes. Because of this, it serves as an excellent benchmark to compare male and female performance across the lifespan with respect to developmental progression, peak athletic performance, and age-related regression. The purpose of this review is to examine and discuss how sex and aging affect running performance in sprints, middle-distance running, and long-distance running. Based on the scientific literature and running world records from age 5–99, male running performance exceeds that of females across the lifespan, with the greatest divide beginning at puberty, which remains through old age. However, there appear to be few differences in the rate of progression in youth and the age of peak performance, but it is unclear whether the rate of decline, beginning in middle age, differs by sex and sport for record performances. Future analyses should examine changes in all running performances across the lifespan.
  • 261
  • 30 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Sukavichinomics: Anthropomorphism and the Mythic Grammar of Public Policy
This article reimagines Sukavichinomics—a public policy paradigm from Thailand’s 1990s reform era—through the conceptual framework of anthropomorphism, transforming abstract constitutional rights into a personified figure to enhance public understanding, cultural resonance, and democratic imagination. Rooted in the 1995 Educational Reform Act, the 8th National Economic and Social Development Plan, and the 1997 “People’s Constitution,” Sukavichinomics affirms four fundamental rights as state-guaranteed entitlements: education, health, human security, and justice. This paper personifies the policy as “Sukavich,” a mythic guardian of equitable development, holding four symbolic emblems: a scroll of learning, a lotus of healing, a golden shield of security, and the scales of justice. By embodying policy in human form, the paper demonstrates how anthropomorphism can function as a discursive strategy—bridging law and life, governance and myth, data and narrative. Sukavich is not a ruler but a symbolic mirror: reflecting the spirit of democratic reform and making policy emotionally and culturally legible to the public. In doing so, this work proposes a new grammar of policy communication—one in which the abstract becomes visible, the civic becomes sacred, and rights become a shared cultural identity.
  • 214
  • 04 Jul 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Urban Effects of Climate Change on Elderly Population and the Need for Implementing Urban Policies
The intensified exposure to high temperature in urban areas, resulting from the combination of heat waves and the urban heat island (UHI) effect, necessitates a deeper understanding of the climate–health relationship. This knowledge directly influences the strategies employed by policy makers and urban planners in their efforts to regenerate cities and protect their population. Nature-based solutions and the widely accepted 15 min city model, characterized by a polycentric structure, should drive the implementation of effective adaptation policies, especially given the persistent delay in mitigation efforts. However, it is less clear whether current or future policies are adequately structured to broadly address the complex forms of social vulnerability. A prime example of this complexity is the demographic shift observed since the mid-20th century, characterized by a relative increase in the elderly population, and a shrinking youth demographic. While extensive literature addresses the physiological impacts of heat wave on human health, evidence regarding the neuro-psychological and cognitive implications for elderly individuals, who frequently suffer from chronic diseases, remains less comprehensive and more fragmented. The purpose of this concise review is to emphasize that crucial findings on the climate–health relationship, particularly concerning the elderly, have often been developed within disciplinary silos. The lack of comprehensive interdisciplinary integration coupled with an incomplete understanding of the full spectrum of vulnerabilities (encompassing both physiological and cognitive) may lead to urban policies that are egalitarian in principle but fail to achieve true equity in practice. This review aims to bridge this gap by highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to urban policy and regeneration.
  • 214
  • 08 Sep 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of the Media System
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used in all branches of the media system and has transformed the way specialists in this field work in recent years. Currently, applications of artificial intelligence are used across a range of processes involved in the production, editing, distribution, and consumption of media content. These include technologies such as generative chatbots, automated transcription, writing, translation, and editing tools, as well as applications for image and video creation. All of these types of applications have taken over a significant portion of the traditional activities carried out by media professionals. From a technological point of view, these uses primarily rely on machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision techniques, complemented by generative models that automatically analyze, generate, and interpret text, sound, and images. Although these technologies contribute to increased efficiency, faster work, and reduced operating costs, they also pose significant risks, particularly regarding the spread of false information. From a theoretical perspective, artificial intelligence goes beyond the status of a technological tool, being conceptualized as a communicational actor that actively intervenes in the generation, structuring, and circulation of messages, influencing the relationships between producers, content, and audiences in the current media environment.
  • 34
  • 13 Feb 2026
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Mapping Qualitative Research in Social Sciences and Humanities: A Bibliometric Review
This study examines the evolution of qualitative research in the Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities over time through an extensive bibliometric analysis of 15,115 publications indexed in Scopus between 1985 and 2026. This research maps the scope of the field, the most prevalent methodologies, types of publications, linguistic distribution, and geographical origin of the works. Simultaneously, it correlates qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies, highlighting the tensions, differences, and synergies between them. Using PRISMA-guided selection and bibliometric techniques, the analysis revealed a gradual and steady increase in qualitative research over the last decade. In the Arts and Humanities, there is a particular emphasis on narrative research, discourse analysis, and ethnography, while in the Social Sciences, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies coexist more evenly, with case studies and semi-structured interviews being used extremely frequently. Analysis of the document types revealed the predominance of scientific articles (over 85%), with English being the main language of publication. In terms of geographical distribution, the US and the UK are the strongest producers of qualitative knowledge, with Australia and Canada contributing significantly and a gradual strengthening of the participation of research communities from Latin America and Asia. The data show that publications referring to qualitative and mixed methodologies demonstrate comparatively higher citation visibility within the analyzed corpus, particularly in education, culture, and public policy. The findings indicate that the qualitative approach continues to play a key role in understanding the complex and lived dimensions of human experience, while opportunities for more integrated hybrid methodological frameworks will emerge in the future—both within individual scientific fields and in their interconnections. This study provides one of the largest bibliometric mappings of qualitative research internationally and systematically clarifies how the qualitative tradition differs between the Social Sciences and the Arts & Humanities. The findings can be used for evidence-based curriculum design, targeted development of research collaborations, and formulation of publication policies that enhance the visibility and influence of qualitative research.
  • 27
  • 28 Feb 2026
Topic Review
Epistemology of the Internet
The epistemology of the Internet lies at the junction of a few philosophical fields such as social epistemology, virtue epistemology, and ethics, while non-philosophical disciplines are involved as well for addressing the problems under epistemic investigation – information science, communications science, and technology science. Reviewing the research in this field, we can say that social epistemology is more than a contributing discipline, being actually the philosophical branch that the epistemology of the internet falls within, since the former provides the conceptual framework and shares the most part of its methodology with the latter. The current entry outlines the key theoretical points and challenges of this research and argues that, in order to crystallize a systematic epistemology of the Web space, we should not focus exclusively on the social dimension of the epistemology of the internet and on its social practical targets, but rather to built a firm theoretical foundation of this field by investigating the nature and evolution of the main entities themselves specific to the Internet (websites, search engines, groups, forums, posts, online communications, etc.), as mere epistemic products.
  • 21
  • 02 Dec 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Value in Marketing and Sustainability
Value is the result of the combined, conscious, and creative actions of caring, which promote sustainable prosperity. Despite its centrality in marketing theory, value is treated in the literature as a self-evident, abstract term denoting concepts as diverse as the desire to acquire goods or enjoy services, the benefits derived from using a product, the price of an object, or a customer’s contribution to business profits. This approach leads to amoral marketing decision-making focused on extracting value from stakeholders and accumulating it in the form of shareholder wealth. In this framework, the negative consequences of marketing actions for society and the natural environment are simply dismissed as externalities. This is not sustainable as it degrades the environment and increases wealth and human welfare disparities between individuals, groups, and societies. Drawing on conceptualisations of value from the fields of philosophy, semiotics, and economics, value is here defined as the result of the combined, conscious, and creative actions of caring which promote sustainable prosperity. As such, value is understood to be co-created by the interactions of various stakeholders and positioned as the link between individuals, companies, markets, society, and the natural environment. Marketing theory has traditionally viewed value creation and exchange as the result of dyadic interactions. The socioeconomic and technological milieu of the 21st century, however, creates a business ecosystem characterised by digitalisation, interconnectivity, and decentralisation which means that, the number of participants in value co-creation networks is increasing and potentially tending towards infinity. Consequently, marketing is reconceptualised as the values-driven mechanism for value formation, valuation, symbolism, exchange facilitation, and integration of the resources required for value co-creation and distribution aiming at contributing to sustainable prosperity. Virtuous marketers and mindful marketing practice can ensure the optimal use of resources and the maximisation and equitable distribution of welfare in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to continue to generate and enjoy value. Thus, by placing value at the centre of the business ecosystem, marketing contributes to sustainable prosperity.
  • 15
  • 11 Feb 2026
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Access to Heritage for People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs): A Systematic Review
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are neurobiological conditions that arise in childhood and affect the personal, social, academic, and occupational development of those who exhibit them. The aim of this study is to analyze scientific research on neurodevelopmental disorders and their relationship to accessibility in cultural heritage, to identify the methodological approaches that currently predominate, and to examine which types of NDD are most studied and which ones are currently overlooked in scientific research. Existing adaptations for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were used as a reference point for the analysis, given their high prevalence in the child population. This study was conducted following the DSM-5-TR criteria and the PRISMA 2020 protocol to select and analyze scientific articles published in the last decade, between 2015 and 2025, obtained from the Scopus database. The results show an increase in the dissemination of scientific literature on access to cultural heritage for people with NDDs, although in a very limited way. Furthermore, within the NDDs themselves, it is ASD that appears to be most represented, with an increase in applied techniques and inclusive experiences. Based on these findings, it is recommended that future research focus on finding educational tools and best practices that promote inclusion and accessibility to cultural heritage for people with other developmental disabilities, such as ADHD.
  • 7
  • 22 Jan 2026
  • Page
  • of
  • 30
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback