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Topic Review
V-Models for the Development Procedures and Functional Safety
The design of modern industrial products is further improved through the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. An HIL model can bypass serious damage to the real object, reduce debugging cost, and, finally, reduce the comprehensive effort during the testing.
  • 7.4K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Integrated On-Board Charger-Traction Systems
The Integrated On-board Charger (iOBC) is the innovative technique to design the on-board charging system in which the motor coil and traction inverter is used during charging as grid filter and active front-end power factor correction unit respectively. This technique helps to increase charging power density, reduce vehicle size and weight.
  • 7.3K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Networked Control System
An NCS consists of control loops joined through communication networks in which both the control signal and the feedback signal are exchanged between the system and the controller.
  • 7.1K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
E-Book
An electronic book, also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. E-books can be read on dedicated e-reader devices, but also on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones. In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet, where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With print books, readers are increasingly browsing through images of the covers of books on publisher or bookstore websites and selecting and ordering titles online; the paper books are then delivered to the reader by mail or another delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through titles online, and then when they select and order titles, the e-book can be sent to them online or the user can download the e-book. By the early 2010s, e-books had begun to overtake hardcover by overall publication figures in the U.S. The main reasons for people buying e-books are possibly lower prices, increased comfort (as they can buy from home or on the go with mobile devices) and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, "[e]lectronic bookmarks make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages." "Although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be [electronically] searched" for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied. The amount of e-book reading is increasing in the U.S.; by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, compared to 30% owning such devices in 2013.
  • 7.0K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Grid Management, Control, and Operation
Smart grid management, control and operation (SGMCO) are key tasks for maintaining their proper functioning as well as for their extension and expansion. The current challenges of power generation, distribution, transmission, and consumption, as well as growing energy demand, facilitate the integration of a large number of smart grids with renewable energy generators and physical information systems, while smart grids are moving toward distribution and decentralization in response to the evolving application of the Internet of Energy (IoE). SGMCO handles not only traditional management, control, and operations, but also the future challenges for smart grids: Collaboration between stakeholders, control of network imbalances (e.g. frequency and voltage regulation), data analysis and management, decentralized network management and operation, and security and privacy.
  • 7.0K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Electromechanical Systems Vibrating Gyroscopes
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) vibrating gyroscopes have gained a lot of attention because of their low power consumption, easy integration, and low fabrication cost. The usage of the gyroscope equipped with an inertial measurement unit has increased tremendously, with applications ranging from household devices to smart electronics to military equipment. However, reliability issues are still a concern when operating this inertial sensor in harsh environments, such as to control the movement and alignment of mini-satellites in space, tracking firefighters at an elevated temperature, and assisting aircraft navigation in gusty turbulent air. 
  • 7.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sensor-Based Solid Waste Handling Systems
As a consequence of swiftly growing populations in the urban areas, larger quantities of solid waste also form rapidly. Since urban local bodies are found to be unable to manage this perilous situation effectively, there is a high probability of risks relative to the environment and public health. A sudden change is indispensable in the existing systems that are developed for the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste, which are entangled in turmoil. However, Smart sensors and wireless technology enable cyber-physical systems to automate solid waste management, which will revolutionize the industry. 
  • 6.8K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Acoustic Extinguishing
In the fire-extinguishing process, in principle, one of the components in the fire tetrahedron must be removed. For example, a natural gas fire occurring on a stovetop burner can be extinguished in various ways: Eliminating the fuel source by shutting off the gas supply may be the first option. Another option is to completely cover the flame to block any oxidizer that is present, such as oxygen in the air, during combustion.
  • 6.8K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Intel MCS-51
The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is a single chip microcontroller (MCU) series developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. The architect of the Intel MCS-51 instruction set was John H. Wharton. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s and enhanced binary compatible derivatives remain popular today. It is an example of a complex instruction set computer, and has separate memory spaces for program instructions and data. Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) technology like its predecessor Intel MCS-48, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) use complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology and consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered devices. The family was continued in 1996 with the enhanced 8-bit MCS-151 and the 8/16/32-bit MCS-251 family of binary compatible microcontrollers. While Intel no longer manufactures the MCS-51, MCS-151 and MCS-251 family, enhanced binary compatible derivatives made by numerous vendors remain popular today. Some derivatives integrate a digital signal processor (DSP). Beyond these physical devices, several companies also offer MCS-51 derivatives as IP cores for use in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs.
  • 6.8K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ZED Depth Sensors
The ZED depth sensor is considered as one of the world's fastest depth camera. It is composed of stereo cameras  with dual 4 mega-pixel RGB sensors. 
  • 6.7K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Xiaomi Redmi Note 4
The Xiaomi Redmi Note 4 is the fourth smartphone of Redmi Note series developed by Xiaomi Inc. It is a part of Xiaomi's budget Redmi smartphone line. It has two variants: The older version sold as Redmi Note 4 is powered by a Deca-core Mediatek MT6797 Helio X20 SOC. The upgraded version, sold both as Redmi Note 4X and Redmi Note 4 (where MTK version was not released) is powered by an Octa-core MSM8953 Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 SoC. The Redmi Note 4 was succeeded by Redmi Note 5.
  • 6.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Overcurrent Relays and Their Usage
Overcurrent relays (OCR) are used as the main protection device due to their lower cost compared to other types of relays. Overcurrent relays can be divided roughly into two types, judging by their time–current characteristic: definite-time OCRs and inverse-time OCRs.
  • 6.6K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cathode Ray Tube
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets, or other phenomena. CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluorescent material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data). In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference. In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of electronic test instrument. A CRT is constructed from a glass envelope which is large, deep (i.e., long from front screen face to rear end), fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. The interior of a CRT is evacuated to approximately 0.01 pascals (9.9×10−8 atm) to 133 nanopascals (1.31×10−12 atm), evacuation being necessary to facilitate the free flight of electrons from the gun(s) to the tube's face. The fact that it is evacuated makes handling an intact CRT potentially dangerous due to the risk of breaking the tube and causing a violent implosion that can hurl shards of glass at great velocity. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product. Since the late 2000s, CRTs have been largely superseded by newer "flat panel" display technologies such as LCD, plasma display, and especially OLED displays, which in the case of LCD and OLED displays have lower manufacturing costs and power consumption, as well as significantly less weight and bulk. Flat panel displays can also be made in very large sizes; whereas 38 to 40 in (97 to 102 cm) was about the largest size of a CRT television, flat panels are available in 60 in (150 cm) and larger sizes.
  • 6.5K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mini-LED and Micro-LED
The mini-LEDs with chip sizes ranging from 100 to 200 μm have already been commercialized for backlight sources in consumer electronics applications. The realized local diming can greatly improve the contrast ratio at relatively low energy consumptions. The micro-LEDs with chip size less than 100 μm, still remain in the laboratory.
  • 6.5K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Evolution and Deployment
C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) is a state-of-the-art wireless technology used in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). 
  • 6.4K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Intermittent Energy Source
An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available for conversion into electricity and outside direct control because the used primary energy cannot be stored. Intermittent energy sources may be predictable but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of an electric power system. The use of intermittent sources in an electric power system usually displaces storable primary energy that would otherwise be consumed by other power stations. Another option is to store electricity generated by non-dispatchable energy sources for later use when needed, e.g. in the form of pumped storage, compressed air or in batteries. A third option is the sector coupling e.g. by electric heating for district heating schemes. The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.
  • 6.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Solar Photovoltaic Systems Faults
This entry provides an overview of common Solar PV system faults.
  • 6.3K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
E-reader
An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals. Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability. This is because an e-reader is capable of holding thousands of books while weighing less than one book, and the convenience provided due to add-on features.
  • 6.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extended-Range Electric Vehicles
Extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs), commonly known as series hybrid electric vehicles (Series-HEV), have better autonomy than electric vehicles (EV) without range extenders (REs). EREVs can go from one city to another or make long journeys in general.
  • 6.2K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, once centric to military applications, are presently finding their way in many civilian and commercial applications. If national legislations permit UAVs to operate autonomously, one will see the skies become populated with many small UAVs, each one performing various tasks such as mail and package delivery, traffic monitoring, event filming, surveillance, search and rescue, and other applications. Thus, advancing to multiple small UAVs from a single large UAV has resulted in a new clan of networks known as flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs). Such networks provide reliability, ease of deployment, and relatively low operating costs by offering a robust communication network among the UAVs and base stations (BS). Although FANETs offer many benefits, there also exist a number of challenges that need to be addressed; the most significant of these being the communication one.
  • 6.2K
  • 28 Feb 2022
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