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Topic Review
Mental Disorders after Terrorist Attacks
There is no widely agreed upon definition of terrorism. In general terms, it is defined as an act of violence that is used to further a political goal by instilling fear into the public. Though acts that could be defined as “terrorism” have occurred since the Roman Empire, the term was coined during the French Revolution. Since the terrorist attack in New York City on 11 September 2001 (9/11), it is difficult to imagine a topic that has shaped global discourse as much as terrorism. It is a violent act that has been shown to have longstanding effects on the mental health of those who witness it.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
ADHD-Gaming Disorder Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by developmentally inadequate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and a neurobiological disruption in brain neurotransmitters and circuitry causing abnormal responses to rewards. Playing electronic games generates a biological response that activates the neuronal circuits linked to pleasure and reward, and there is a growing attention to this type of activity, which can also turn into a mental health condition. With the recognition of ‘Internet Gaming Disorder’ (IGD) as a condition belonging to the broader area of addiction requiring more in-depth study with respect to the DSM-5, while ‘Gaming Disorder’ (GD) was officially recognized as a new diagnosis by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the updated revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Trauma in Rapes and Assaults
This entry describes that psychological trauma in rapes and assaults is a serious public health issue. 
  • 986
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MS-Based Proteomics for Bipolar Disorder Potential Biomarkers Assessment
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition, presenting a complex underlying etiopathogenesis that is not sufficiently characterized. Without molecular biomarkers being used in the clinical environment, several large screen proteomics studies have been conducted to provide valuable molecular information. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques can be a powerful tool for the identification of disease biomarkers, improving prediction and diagnosis ability.
  • 986
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Psychological/Social Recovery after ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common injury in young athletes. To restore knee stability and function, patients often undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR). In addition to restoration of functional strength and stability, psychological and social factors play an important role in the recovery and overall outcome of ACL injuries in the pediatric population. Factors such as psychological readiness to return-to-play (RTP), motivation, mood disturbance, locus of control, recovery expectations, fear of reinjury, and self-esteem are correlated to the RTP potential of the young athlete. A better understanding of these concepts may help to maximize young patients’ outcomes after ACL reconstruction.
  • 979
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Food Addiction in Eating Disorders
Food addiction (FA) has been mentioned as a potential subtype of obesity, and has been associated with Eating Disorders (ED). A first approach of a phenotypic characterization of food addiction (FA) found three clusters (dysfunctional, moderate and functional). 
  • 967
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Substance Use Disorder
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional, physical, and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt; an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts; driving while intoxicated; and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are involved in SUD include: alcohol; cannabis; phencyclidine and other hallucinogens, such as arylcyclohexylamines; inhalants; opioids; sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics; stimulants; tobacco; and other or unknown substances. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (2013), also known as DSM-5, the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. The severity of substance use disorders can vary widely; in the DSM-5 diagnosis of a SUD, the severity of an individual's SUD is qualified as mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of how many of the 11 diagnostic criteria are met. The International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) divides substance use disorders into two categories: (1) harmful pattern of substance use; and (2) substance dependence. In 2017, globally 271 million people (5.5% of adults) were estimated to have used one or more illicit drugs. Of these, 35 million had a substance use disorder. An additional 237 million men and 46 million women have alcohol use disorder as of 2016. In 2017, substance use disorders from illicit substances directly resulted in 585,000 deaths. Direct deaths from drug use, other than alcohol, have increased over 60 percent from 2000 to 2015. Alcohol use resulted in an additional 3 million deaths in 2016.
  • 944
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease
Smoking may increase the risk of various neuropsychiatric diseases, such as dementia/cognitive decline, schizophrenia/psychosis, depression, anxiety disorder, and suicidal behavior induced by structural and functional alterations of the central nervous system, mainly centered on inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
  • 919
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ketamine for Eating Disorders
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious, life-threatening psychiatric conditions associated with physical and psychosocial impairment, as well as high morbidity and mortality. Given the chronic refractory nature of EDs and the paucity of evidence-based treatments, there is a pressing need to identify novel approaches for this population. The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist, ketamine, has recently been approved for treatment-resistant depression, exerting rapid and robust antidepressant effects. It is now being investigated for several new indications, including obsessive–compulsive, post-traumatic, and substance use disorder, and shows transdiagnostic potential for EDs, particularly among clinical nonresponders.
  • 887
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MDMA-Based Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disorder that causes significant dysfunction in individuals.
  • 881
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Time-Out with Young Children
Time-out is a component of many evidence-based parent training programmes for the treatment of childhood conduct problems. Existing comprehensive reviews suggest that time-out is both safe and effective when used predictably, infrequently, calmly and as one component of a collection of parenting strategies—i.e., when utilised in the manner advocated by most parent training programmes. However, this research evidence has been largely oriented towards the academic community and is often in conflict with the widespread misinformation about time-out within communities of parents, and within groups of treatment practitioners. This dissonance has the potential to undermine the dissemination and implementation of an effective suite of treatments for common and disabling childhood conditions. The parent-practitioner relationship is integral to the success of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based treatment which involves live coaching of parent(s) with their young child(ren). Yet this relationship, and practitioner perspectives, attitudes and values as they relate to time-out, are often overlooked. This practitioner review explores the dynamics of the parent-practitioner relationship as they apply to the teaching and coaching of time-out to parents. It also acknowledges factors within the clinical setting that impact on time-out’s use, such as the views of administrators and professional colleagues. The paper is oriented toward practitioners of PCIT but is of relevance to all providers of parent training interventions for young children.
  • 873
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical Exercise for Mental Health
Regarding the benefits of physical exercise on cognitive functions, we can say that most of the considered sample have greater precision and speed of response in information processing tasks; children have an improvement in executive functions, selective attention, linguistic understanding, and a wider lexical network, syntactic and spelling skills, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition control and school performance.
  • 866
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Maintenance of Clinical Burnout
Burnout is common in many countries and is associated with several other problems such as depression, anxiety, insomnia and memory deficits, and prospectively it predicts long-term sick-leave, cardiovascular disease, and death. Clinical burnout syndrome means a general incapacity to cope with demands at home and at work. Clinical burnout or its residual symptoms often last several years and a common assumption is that recovery takes a long time by nature, despite full time sick-leave and the absence of work stress. The literature suggests models that hypothetically explain the development, but not maintenance, of the syndrome.
  • 832
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Telepsychotherapy and Eating Disorders in Adolescents
Telemedicine is the provision of health services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health professionals who use information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, research and evaluation, and for the continuous training of health professionals, all in the interest of advancing the health of individuals and their communities.
  • 823
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Basic Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Basic symptoms of schizophrenia are subjective symptoms, described as experienced from a person's perspective, which show evidence of underlying psychopathology. Basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be at risk to develop psychosis. Though basic symptoms are often disturbing for the person, problems generally do not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their basic symptoms. Basic symptoms are more specific to identifying people who exhibit signs of prodromal psychosis (prodrome) and are more likely to develop schizophrenia over other disorders related to psychosis. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but is not synonymous with psychosis. In the prodrome to psychosis, uncharacteristic basic symptoms develop first, followed by more characteristic basic symptoms and brief and self-limited psychotic-like symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis. People who were assessed to be high risk according to the basic symptoms criteria have a 48.5% likelihood of progressing to psychosis. In 2015, the European Psychiatric Association issued guidance recommending the use of a subscale of basic symptoms, called the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of psychosis risk in help-seeking psychiatric patients; in a meta-analysis, COGDIS was shown to be as predictive of transition to psychosis as the Ultra High Risk (UHR) criteria up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter. The basic symptoms measured by COGDIS, as well as those measured by another subscale, the Cognitive-Perceptive basic symptoms scale (COPER), are predictive of transition to schizophrenia.
  • 820
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mitigating the Detrimental Effects of Harsh Parenting
Based on the conservation of resources theory, researchers investigated the mediating role of depressive symptoms and the moderating role of mindfulness in the association between harsh parenting and adolescent suicidal ideation in the Chinese cultural context. 
  • 807
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bremelanotide
Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist which non-selectively activates melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) receptors.
  • 787
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CBT-E for Age-Transition Eating Disorders
Many people with eating disorders transit from child and adolescent to adult clinical services. This transition often creates a gap in regular treatment and interruption of the therapeutic relationship with negative consequences. The change in the nature of the treatment often disorients patients and their parents. All-age eating disorder clinical services is a potential solution to address these challenges and enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is one of the major candidates among the individual psychological treatments to be the treatment of choice in all-age eating disorder services.
  • 777
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acute Onset Disaster
Acute onset disasters impact children’s and adolescents’ psychological well-being, often leading to mental health challenges. The way a young person copes with the event plays a significant role in development of post-disaster psychopathology. Coping has been widely studied after acute onset disasters, however, difficulties conducting research in post-disaster contexts and the individualized nature of coping make accurate assessment of coping a significant challenge.
  • 773
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Neural Network Applications in Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a component of the therapeutic options accessible in mental health. Along with psychotherapy techniques and indications, there is a body of studies on what are known as psychotherapy’s common factors. However, up to 40% of patients do not respond to therapy. Artificial intelligence approaches are hoped to enhance this and with the growing body of evidence of the use of neural networks (NNs) in other areas of medicine, this domain is lacking in the field of psychotherapy. 
  • 707
  • 05 Dec 2023
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