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Topic Review
Factors Influence Candida β-glucan Masking
Among the several human fungal pathogens, Candida genus represents one of the most implicated in the clinical scenario. There exist several distinctive features that govern the establishment of Candida infections in addition to their capacity to adapt to multiple stress conditions inside humans which also include evasion of host immune responses. The complex fungal cell wall of the prevalent pathogen, Candida albicans, is one of the main targets of antifungal drugs and recognized by host immune cells. The wall consists of tiered arrangement of an outer thin but dense covering of mannan and inner buried layers of β-glucan and chitin. However, the pathogenic fungi adopt strategies to evade immune recognition by masking these molecules. This capacity to camouflage the immunogenic polysaccharide β-glucan from the host is a key virulence factor of C. albicans. 
  • 941
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Celiac Diseases
Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten from wheat and other cereals, such as barley and rye. The gluten intake exerts toxic effects through several pathways involving gut barrier integrity, intestinal microbiota composition and immune system stimulation. Immunity against peptides generated by an incomplete gluten digestion is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by both innate and adaptive system response in individuals unable to adequately digest them. A lifelong adherence to a gluten-free (GF) diet is currently the only treatment for CD. However, despite the great benefit of the GF diet for CD patients, the adherence to a GF diet determines nutritional deficiencies as well as the risk of an excessive intake of fats and carbohydrates. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate micronutrients and fibers, which are lacking in gluten free foods, as well as follow controlled dietary regimes. In this regard, it is very important to adjust and improve the formulations of GF products, in order to ensure the consumer a diet that is as balanced and tastier as possible.
  • 940
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Natural-Compound-Based Treatments for Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability.
  • 940
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy that relies on highly heterogeneous cytogenetic alterations. Although in the last few years new agents have been developed for AML treatment, the overall survival prospects for AML patients are still gloomy and new therapeutic options are still urgently needed. Constitutive NF-κB activation has been reported in around 40% of AML patients, where it sustains AML cell survival and chemoresistance. Given the central role of NF-κB in AML, targeting the NF-κB pathway represents an attractive strategy to treat AML.
  • 940
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by ticks, resulting in acute feverish episodes. The etiological agent is the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum; which is spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes spp. to complete its life cycle. 
  • 937
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sialorrhea in Parkinson’s Disease
Sialorrhea, or excessive saliva beyond the margin of the lip, is a common problem in many neurological diseases. Previously, sialorrhea has been underrecognized in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Despite this, many patients rank sialorrhea as one of the most debilitating complaints of Parkinson’s disease. Previous treatment for sialorrhea has been suboptimal and has been plagued by significant side effects that are bothersome and can be dangerous in patients with a concurrent neurodegenerative disease. This review sought to review the anatomy, function, and etiology of sialorrhea in PD. It then sought to examine the evidence for the different treatments of sialorrhea in PD, and further examined newer evidence for safety and efficacy in minimally invasive treatment such as botulinum toxin.
  • 936
  • 11 Nov 2020
Topic Review
HDLs and Adiponectin in Promoting Endothelial Dysfunction
Obesity is an epidemic public health problem that has progressively worsened in recent decades and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) in metabolic tissues and an increased risk of several diseases. In particular, LGCI alters metabolism and increases cardiovascular risk by impairing endothelial function and altering the functions of adiponectin and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Adiponectin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy metabolism and body composition. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in obese individuals and negatively correlate with chronic sub-clinical inflammatory markers. HDLs are a heterogeneous and complex class of lipoproteins that can be dysfunctional in obesity. Adiponectin and HDLs are strictly interdependent, and the maintenance of their interplay is essential for vascular function.
  • 933
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Dysbiosis of the Subgingival Microbiome
Human microbiomes are polymicrobial structures, and the different microenvironments that harbour them are regulated by environmental factors, complicated inter-microbial communication signals, and hosts’ immune responses. A collective functioning of these microbial communities leads to symbiosis or eubiosis with the host. However, when they are broken due to the dominance of specific species, it leads to dysbiosis and the onset of pathological processes or diseases. In the oral microbiome, extrinsic factors such as diet, tobacco, stress, and antibiotics, as well as intrinsic factors such as poor dental hygiene, cytokines, microRNAs, and diabetes, will have an effect on the microbiota-host immunity axis, promoting the loss of microbial diversity of the symbiotic subgingival biofilm, and favouring the predominance of a certain disease-initiating dysbiotic flora.
  • 929
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Nervous Disorders Modify Skeletal Muscle
It is widely known that nervous and muscular systems work together and that they are strictly dependent in their structure and functions. Consequently, muscles undergo macro and microscopic changes with subsequent alterations after a central nervous system (CNS) disease. Despite this, only a few researchers have addressed the problem of skeletal muscle abnormalities following CNS diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the potential mechanisms responsible for changes in skeletal muscle of patients suffering from some of the most common CSN disorders (Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease).
  • 920
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Relevance of 5-HT4Rs Modulation in Memory Disorders
Multilevel alterations of hippocampal function have been identified as a common denominator of memory impairments in a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. For many years, the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems have been the main targets of therapeutic treatments against these symptoms. Type 4 serotonin receptors (5-HT4Rs) is a new therapeutic target for memory disorders. To date, much of the researched information gathered by scientists from both animal models and humans converge on pro-mnesic and anti-amnesic properties of 5-HT4Rs activation.
  • 920
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Imaging Techniques for Skin Cancer Pathobiology
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients’ clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evIolution.
  • 920
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CNNs in lymph node metastasis
Deep learning models have potential to improve performance of automated computer-assisted diagnosis tools in digital histopathology and reduce subjectivity. The main objective of this study was to further improve diagnostic potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients by integrative augmentation of input images with multiple segmentation channels. For this retrospective study, we used the PatchCamelyon dataset, consisting of 327,680 histopathology images of lymph node sections from breast cancer. Images had labels for the presence or absence of metastatic tissue. In addition, we used four separate histopathology datasets with annotations for nucleus, mitosis, tubule, and epithelium to train four instances of U-net. Then our baseline model was trained with and without additional segmentation channels and their performances were compared. Integrated gradient was used to visualize model attribution. The model trained with concatenation/integration of original input plus four additional segmentation channels, which we refer to as ConcatNet, was superior (AUC 0.924) compared to baseline with or without augmentations (AUC 0.854; 0.884). Baseline model trained with one additional segmentation channel showed intermediate performance (AUC 0.870-0.895). ConcatNet had sensitivity of 82.0% and specificity of 87.8%, which was an improvement in performance over the baseline (sensitivity of 74.6%; specificity of 80.4%). Integrated gradients showed that models trained with additional segmentation channels had improved focus on particular areas of the image containing aberrant cells. Augmenting images with additional segmentation channels improved baseline model performance as well as its ability to focus on discrete areas of the image.
  • 918
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 infection induced Immunity
SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced adaptive immunity includes humoral and cellular immune responses. Though the duration of protection is unclear so far, the induced immunity has been found to play an important role in mediating protection against subsequent  SARS-CoV-2 infections.    
  • 917
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Vessel Disease
Currently, atherosclerosis, which affects the vascular bed of all vital organs and tissues, is considered as a leading cause of death. Most commonly, atherosclerosis involves coronary and peripheral arteries, which results in acute (e.g., myocardial infarction, lower extremities ischemia) or chronic (persistent ischemia leading to severe heart failure) consequences. All of them have a marked unfavorable impact on the quality of life and are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in human populations. Lower extremity artery disease (LEAD, also defined as peripheral artery disease, PAD) refers to atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities, where partial or complete obstruction of peripheral arteries is observed. Decreased perfusion can result in ischemic pain, non-healing wounds, and ischemic ulcers, and significantly reduce the quality of life. However, the progressive atherosclerotic changes cause stimulation of tissue response processes, like vessel wall remodeling and neovascularization. These mechanisms of adapting the vascular network to pathological conditions seem to play a key role in reducing the impact of the changes limiting the flow of blood. Neovascularization as a response to ischemia induces sprouting and expansion of the endothelium to repair and grow the vessels of the circulatory system. Neovascularization consists of three different biological processes: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. Both molecular and environmental factors that may affect the process of development and growth of blood vessels were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the changes taking place during LEAD.
  • 917
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Universal Influenza Vaccines
Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to human health. They are responsible for a large number of deaths annually and have a serious impact on the global economy. There are numerous influenza virus subtypes, antigenic variations occur continuously, and epidemic trends are difficult to predict—all of which lead to poor outcomes of routine vaccination against targeted strain subtypes. Therefore, the development of universal influenza vaccines still constitutes the ideal strategy for controlling influenza. This article reviews the progress in development of universal vaccines directed against the conserved regions of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and other structural proteiinfluenza virus; antigenic variation; universal vaccine; cross-protection; cellular immunityns of influenza viruses using new technologies and strategies with the goals of enhancing our understanding of universal influenza vaccines and providing a reference for research into the exploitation of natural immunity against influenza viruses.
  • 916
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
EGFR-TKI-Associated Lung Injury
Non-small-cell lung cancer patients who responded to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and obtained survival benefits had somatic EGFR mutations. EGFR-TKI-related adverse events (AEs) are usually tolerable and manageable, although serious AEs, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), occur infrequently. The etiopathogenesis of EGFR-TKI-induced ILD remains unknown. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between EGFR-TKIs and ILD. We discussed the relevance of cytotoxic agents or immunotherapeutic agents in combination with EGFR-TKIs as a potential mechanism of EGFR-TKI-related lung injury and reviewed recent developments in diagnostics and therapeutics that facilitate recovery from ILD.
  • 916
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Delta and Lambda Variants of SARS-CoV-2
The high transmissibility of Delta and Lambda variants has raised the need to determine the reason for the infectivity of these variants. Since the Delta variant first emerged in India in June 2020, the global incidence of the Delta variant has made it a VOC. The Delta variant is 60% more infectious than the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, Lambda, a VOI, was first reported in Peru in December, 2020 and currently, its diverse mutations and increased frequency in over 29 countries has raised more attention.
  • 911
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COPD’s Patients in COVID-19 Pandemic
For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), early diagnosis and unconditionally correct management at the initial stage of the disease are very important when the symptoms are not yet too worrying. In this way, the progress of the disease can be slowed down, as can the occurrence of late, life-threatening symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential component of the management of COPD. The selection of appropriate exercises, which are determined during the classification of patients into a suitable improvement program, is of key importance in the process of rehabilitation. 
  • 909
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency on Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency.
  • 909
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy bodies and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The urge for an early diagnosis biomarker comes from the fact that clinical manifestations of PD are estimated to appear once the substantia nigra has deteriorated and there has been a reduction of the dopamine levels from the striatum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuro-degenerative diseases as PD. 
  • 908
  • 19 Oct 2022
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