Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Core Techniques for Tailoring of The Cranio-Orbito-Zygomatic Approach
The cranio-orbito-zygomatic (COZ) approach is an extension of the pterional approach, involving the adjunct of orbitozygomatic (OZ) osteotomy to allow wider exposure of the anterior and middle skull base and upper retroclival region. It provides advantages in giant aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and distal basilar artery, tuberculum sellae, large anterior clinoidal, spheno-orbital meningiomas, large craniopharyngiomas, giant pituitary adenomas, cavernous hemangiomas of the hypothalamus, and crus cerebri of the midbrain.
  • 911
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Nervous system involvement in patients with SLE, termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), constitutes a diagnostic challenge, and its management is still poorly optimised. Emerging diagnostic biomarkers in NPSLE that displayed satisfactory ability to discriminate between NPSLE and controls include serum interleukin (IL)-6, microRNA (miR)-23a, miR-155, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-Klotho. CSF lipocalin-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and immunoglobulin (Ig)M also displayed such ability in two ethnically diverse cohorts. Serum interferon (IFN)-α and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were recently reported to moderately correlate with disease activity in patients with active NPSLE. CSF IL-8, IL-13, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) exhibited excellent sensitivity, yet poorer specificity, as predictors of response to therapy in patients with NPSLE. 
  • 910
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cannabis Use
Cannabis is a natural drug that humans have been consuming for over 4000 years for medicinal, industrial and ritual purposes. More than 400 chemical compounds can be found in the cannabis plant, of which at least 144 are cannabinoids. Among the cannabinoid compounds, the most important one is tetrahydrocannabinol or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Recently, the increase in its use, both medicinal and recreational, its progressive legalization and the change in the cannabis market have caused a greater interest in the research of this drug.
  • 910
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Dysfunction in Long COVID
Cognitive dysfunction in Long COVID refers to the persistence of neurocognitive symptoms such as memory deficits, attention impairment, executive dysfunction, and slowed information processing that continue for weeks or months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms, commonly termed “brain fog,” are among the most disabling features of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and occur even in individuals with mild initial disease. The underlying mechanisms involve chronic neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroendocrine imbalance.
  • 910
  • 30 May 2025
Topic Review
Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Neuropathic pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage” by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is rapidly increasing in use. This interventional pain treatment modality involves modulating peripheral nerves for a variety of chronic pain conditions. 
  • 908
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Anderson–Fabry Disease and Neurodegeneration
Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a composite and multisystemic clinical phenotype and frequent involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Research in this area has largely focused on the cerebrovascular manifestations of the disease, and very little has been described about further neurological manifestations, which are known in other lysosomal diseases, such as Gaucher disease. In particular, a clinical and neuroimaging phenotype suggesting neurodegeneration as a putative mechanism has never been fully described for AFD.
  • 908
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Progression of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adults in America. In addition, the acute morbidity caused by TBI is implicated in the development of devastating neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative sequela. TBI is associated with the development of a neurodegenerative condition termed ‘Punch Drunk syndrome’ or ‘dementia pugilistica’, and the more renamed ‘chronic traumatic encephalopathy’. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative condition caused by a single or repetitive blow to the head. CTE was first described in boxers and was later found to be associated with other contact sports and military combat. It is defined by a constellation of symptoms consisting of mood disorders, cognitive impairment, and memory loss with or without sensorimotor changes. It is also a Tauopathy characterized by the deposition of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, astrocytoma tangles, and abnormal neurites found in clusters around small vessels, typically at the sulcal depths. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutaminergic toxicity caused due to the insult play a role in developing this pathology. Additionally, the changes in the brain due to aging also plays an important role in the development of this condition. 
  • 908
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota/Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis
The human gut microbiota, mainly consisting of Proteobacterias, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, changes during the course of life, as it is constantly influenced by several individual factors, such as the type of birth, infections, therapies, diet, smoking, physical activity, stressful events, environmental factors and medical diseases. It is also worth highlighting that the brain’s development, depending on pre- and post-natal genetic and environmental factors, occurs in parallel with the constitution of the microbiota. A newborn’s microbiota has a low density but, as the individual grows, it is enriched with certain microorganisms, becoming increasingly capable of activating signals and metabolic pathways that modulate neuronal function.
  • 907
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Treatment of Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary brain tumor.
  • 906
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. 
  • 905
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease
Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (BEVs) possess the capability of intracellular interactions with other cells, and, hence, can be utilized as an efficient cargo for worldwide delivery of therapeutic substances such as monoclonal antibodies, proteins, plasmids, siRNA, and small molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). BEVs additionally possess a remarkable capacity for delivering these therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
  • 905
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Astrocyte Therapy in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Non-cell-specific therapeutics or therapeutics designed to tackle aberrant pathways within neurons failed to slow down or halt neurodegeneration. It is therefore time to pursue alternative strategies. In line with this, astrocytes emerge as promising therapeutic targets in various neurodegenerative disorders, an hypothesis supported by their importance to maintain the central nervous system homeostasis in health conditions as well as their fundamental and multifaced role in pathological conditions.
  • 903
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Carnosic Acid and Mechanisms of Neuroprotection
Carnosic acid (CA) is a diterpenoid abundantly present in plants belonging to the genus Rosmarinus and Salvia of the family Lamiaceae, accounting for their application in traditional medicine. CA exerts its neuroprotective effects through a diverse range of mechanisms, some of which include the prevention of amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration, induction of autophagy, alleviation of oxidative stress and via anti-apoptotic effects.
  • 903
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic in Ischemic Stroke
Stroke represents one of the main causes of death and disability in the world; despite this, pharmacological therapies against stroke remain insufficient. Ischemic stroke is the leading etiology of stroke. Different molecular mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, participate in cell death and tissue damage. At a preclinical level, different garlic compounds have been evaluated against these mechanisms. Additionally, there is evidence supporting the participation of garlic compounds in other mechanisms that contribute to brain tissue recovery, such as neuroplasticity. After ischemia, neuroplasticity is activated to recover cognitive and motor function. Some garlic-derived compounds and preparations have shown the ability to promote neuroplasticity under physiological conditions and, more importantly, in cerebral damage models. 
  • 903
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Transgenic Mouse Overexpressing Spermine Oxidase in Cerebrocortical Neurons
Polyamines (PAs) are organic polycations ubiquitously present in living cells. The main PAs in mammalian cells include putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), and their acetylated forms, N1-acetylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine. Polyamines are involved in many cellular processes, and their content in mammalian cells is tightly controlled. Among their function, these molecules modulate the activity of several ion channels. Spermine oxidase (SMOX) specifically oxidizes spermine, a neuromodulator of several types of ion channel and ionotropic glutamate receptors, and its deregulated activity has been linked to several brain pathologies, including epilepsy. The Dach-SMOX mouse line was generated using a Cre/loxP-based recombination approach to study the complex and critical functions carried out by spermine oxidase and spermine in the mammalian brain.
  • 902
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are aging-associated chronic pathological conditions affecting primarily neurons in humans. Inclusion bodies containing misfolded proteins have emerged as a common pathological feature for these diseases. In many cases, misfolded proteins produced by neurons can be transmitted to a neighboring neuron or a non-neuronal cell, leading to the propagation of disease-associated pathology. While undergoing intercellular transmission, misfolded proteins released from donor cells can often change the physiological state of recipient cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes are highly sensitive to neuron-originated proteotoxic insults, which convert them into an active inflammatory state (reactive astrogliosis). Conversely, activated astrocytes can release a plethora of factors to impact neuronal functions. 
  • 901
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Low-Grade Gliomas
Gliomas, the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor, were conventionally classified through WHO Grades I–IV (now 1–4), with low-grade gliomas being entities belonging to Grades 1 or 2. While the focus of the WHO Classification for Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors had historically been on histopathological attributes, the recently released fifth edition of the classification (WHO CNS5) characterizes brain tumors, including gliomas, using an integration of histological and molecular features, including their epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation which are increasingly being used for the classification of low-grade gliomas. 
  • 901
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neck Pain and Migraine
Cranial autonomic symptoms occur due to the activation of the trigeminal autonomic reflex, and the differential diagnosis with cluster headaches can be challenging. Neck pain can be part of the migraine prodromal symptoms or act as a trigger for a migraine attack. The prevalence of neck pain correlates with headache frequency and is associated with treatment resistance and greater disability. The convergence between upper cervical and trigeminal nociception via the trigeminal nucleus caudalis is the likely mechanism for neck pain in migraine. The recognition of cranial autonomic symptoms and neck pain as potential migraine features is important because they often contribute to the misdiagnosis of cervicogenic problems, tension-type headaches, cluster headaches, and rhinosinusitis in migraine patients, delaying appropriate attack and disease management.
  • 899
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Expression and Regulation of INPP5D in  Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for approximately 38.5 million cases of all-cause dementia. Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have long been established as guardians of the brain by providing neuroprotection and maintaining cellular homeostasis. A protein with a myriad of effects on various important signaling pathways that is expressed in microglia is the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing Inositol 5′ Phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) protein. Encoded by the INPP5D (Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase D) gene, SHIP1 has diminutive effects on most microglia signaling processes. Polymorphisms of the INPP5D gene have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of AD.
  • 898
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds in Cystoseira Extracts for Neurodegenerative Disorders
In the last decades, marine macroalgae have drawn attention mainly due to their bioactive components, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Phlorotannins, fatty acids, sterols and carbohydrates are some of the compounds present in brown algae and Cystoseira extracts responsible for such activities, representing enormous importance for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson’s, with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as hallmarks.
  • 897
  • 10 Mar 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 54
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback