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Topic Review
Carbonization Reactions in Biomass Pyrolysis Processes
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced during the thermochemical processes of various biomass feedstocks. Biomass pyrolysis is one of the most common processes to produce biochar.
  • 702
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Geopolymer Materials for Bone Tissue Applications
Geopolymers (alkali-activated materials) are amorphous inorganic polymeric systems with aluminosilicate bases produced by alkalinising natural or waste substances, such as metallurgical, industrial, urban, and agricultural wastes. There is increasing academic interest in geopolymer materials for biomedical applications.
  • 699
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Lipidic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
Sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites are crucial regulators of tumor cell growth, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death. With the rise in lipid-based nanomaterials, engineered lipidic nanomaterials inspired by SM metabolism, corresponding lipid targeting, and signaling activation have made fascinating advances in cancer therapeutic processes.
  • 699
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Phototheranostics Using Erythrocyte-Based Particles
There has been a recent increase in the development of delivery systems based on red blood cells (RBCs) for light-mediated imaging and therapeutic applications. These constructs are able to take advantage of the immune evasion properties of the RBC, while the addition of an optical cargo allows the particles to be activated by light for a number of promising applications. 
  • 695
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Two Grain Refinement Modes for Treating Metallic Materials
Metallic materials have been widely used as orthopedic implants in clinics for their good mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, but their slow osseointegration rate is still one of the main issues causing implantation failure. Grain refinement has recently attracted wide attention for its effective improvement of cell–material interaction for biometals.
  • 693
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharide- and Aliphatic Polyester-Based Packaging
Food packaging plays an imperative role in the food processing sector by safeguarding foods from their point of harvesting until the moment of consumption.
  • 692
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Yeast Particles Encapsulation Methods for Terpene Release Duration
Terpenes and essential oils are materials of great commercial use due to their broad spectra of antibacterial, antifungal, membrane permeation enhancement and antioxidant biological properties, as well as for their use as flavors and fragrances. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3–5 µm hollow and porous microspheres, a byproduct of some food-grade yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract manufacturing processes, that have been used for the encapsulation of terpenes and essential oils with high payload loading capacity (up to 500% weight) and efficiency, providing stability and sustained-release properties. 
  • 691
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-Based Materials
Among the various biopolymers derived from the PHA family, the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), commonly known as PHBV, stands out for its inherent versatility. Unlike many other members of the PHA family that are derived from a single monomer and exhibit consistent physicochemical properties, PHBV offers the unique advantage of tunability. By adjusting the ratio of 3HB to 3HV monomers, the material properties can be tailored to produce products from flexible films to rigid molded objects. This adaptability made PHBV more versatile and expanded its potential applications.
  • 691
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Stabilization of Hexa-Histidine-Containing Organophosphorus Hydrolase
Organophosphorus hydrolase, containing a genetically introduced hexahistidine sequence (His6-OPH) can hydrolyze various  substrates, such as  organophosphorus pesticides and chemical warfare agents, mycotoxins, and N-acyl homoserine lactones. The application of various carrier materials (metal-organic frameworks, polypeptides, bacterial cellulose, polyhydroxybutyrate, succinylated gelatin, etc.) for the immobilization and stabilization of His6-OPH by various methods, enables creation of biocatalysts with various properties and potential uses, in particular, as antidotes, recognition elements of biosensors, in fibers with chemical and biological protection, dressings with antimicrobial properties, highly porous sorbents for the degradation of toxicants, including in flow systems, etc. Immobilized variants of His6-OPH are characterized by increased stability, and the hydrolytic process of destruction of many substrates can be carried out in wider temperature and pH ranges than when using a free form of the enzyme. The variation in methods and carriers for the immobilization of His6-OPH makes it possible to create a wide palette of biocatalysts, significantly expanding the boundaries of enzyme use.
  • 688
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Combustion Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Combustion synthesis is a green, energy-saving approach that permits an easy scale-up and continuous technologies. This process allows for synthesizing various nanoscale materials, including oxides, nitrides, sulfides, metals, and alloys. 
  • 687
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomaterial-Mediated Gene Therapy in Cartilage Repair
Articular cartilage defects caused by various reasons are relatively common in clinical practice, but the lack of efficient therapeutic methods remains a substantial challenge due to limitations in the chondrocytes’ repair abilities. In the search for scientific cartilage repair methods, gene therapy appears to be more effective and promising, especially with acellular biomaterial-assisted procedures. Biomaterial-mediated gene therapy has mainly been divided into non-viral vector and viral vector strategies, where the controlled delivery of gene vectors is contained using biocompatible materials. Genetic therapy, on the other hand, aims to transfer exogenous genes into target cells in order to induce endogenous gene expression to complete treatment. It has been extensively used in cartilage repair. Genetic editing is used to promote stable expressions of various growth factors for osteochondral regeneration. Meanwhile, biomaterial mediation could further localize the effect of genetic therapy by providing a scaffold to limit the genetically modified cells and vectors to within the targeted region; this increases the precision of the treatment, and makes it an ideal approach for treating osteochondral injuries.
  • 683
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) respond to the characteristics of their surrounding microenvironment, i.e., their extracellular matrix (ECM). The possibility of mimicking the ECM offers the opportunity to elicit specific cell behaviors. The control of surface properties of a biomaterial at the scale level of the components of the ECM has the potential to effectively modulate cell response. Ordered nanoscale silicon pillar arrays were fabricated using reverse micelles of block copolymers on full wafers, with standard deviations lower than 15%. Bioactive synthetic peptides were covalently grafted on nanoarrays to evaluate possible synergies between chemistry and topography on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Functionalization with RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) mimetic peptides lead to an enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. Bare nanopillar arrays of reduced pitch were found to promote faster hMSC differentiation. These findings highlight the relevance of investigating possibilities of engineering in vitro systems which can be fine-tuned according to the envisaged cell response. 
  • 680
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Hydrogel in Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding
GI bleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide resulting in a hospitalization rate of 21 per 100,000 adults, and a mortality rate of 2% to 15%. The surgical closure of GI wounds is key to restoring GI structure and function. There is a substantial interest and need for the development of atraumatic, minimally invasive, and easy-to-apply GI wound closure technologies to provide fluid-tight sealing and promote wound healing for different types of GI defects.
  • 679
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Liquid Embolic Agents
Endovascular embolization (EE) has been used for the treatment of blood vessel abnormalities, including aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), tumors, etc. The aim of this process is to occlude the affected vessel using biocompatible embolic agents. Liquid embolic agents are usually injectable and delivered into the vascular malformation sites using a catheter guided by X-ray imaging (i.e., angiography). After injection, the liquid embolic agent transforms into a solid implant in situ based on a variety of mechanisms, including polymerization, precipitation, and cross-linking, through ionic or thermal process. 
  • 679
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Carbonate as a Drugs Controlled Release Carrier
A drug carrier usually refers to a tool that can carry the effective ingredients of drugs into the human body. The drug-controlled release system prepared by a new drug carrier can allow the gradual release of the drug in the human body at a stable rate, thus decreasing the frequency of administration and reducing the toxicity and side effects thereof; however, existing drug carriers generally have problems such as low drug loading, poor biocompatibility, stability, and specificity, each of which could be improved. Calcium carbonate can be used as a sustained-release carrier of active substances, with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost, easy preparation, and broad application prospects. 
  • 677
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bioinspired Antibacterial Surfaces
Briefly, depending on whether extra interventions are needed, bioinspired antibacterial surfaces can be categorized into passive and active ones
  • 674
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Assisted Growth Factors Activation/Delivery for Bone Repair
Bone regeneration is a comprehensive process that involves different stages, and various growth factors (GFs) play crucial roles in the entire process. GFs are widely used in clinical settings to promote bone repair; however, the direct application of GFs is often limited by their fast degradation and short local residual time. Additionally, GFs are expensive, and their use may carry risks of ectopic osteogenesis and potential tumor formation. Nanomaterials have shown great promise in delivering GFs for bone regeneration, as they can protect fragile GFs and control their release. 
  • 673
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Types of Synthetic Materials in Bone Grafts
To decide which material is most appropriate for a given procedure, it is necessary not only to have a good understanding of the biological function (osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction) of each material but also to consider the patient condition, as this is an essential criterion for the incorporation of any bone graft. Bone grafts are evolving and undergoing innumerable changes and there has long been talk of synthetic bone grafts and bone substitutes to the detriment of autologous, allogeneic, or even xenogeneic grafts.
  • 673
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Quantum Dots as a Labeling Agent
Quantum dots (QDs) are a type of nanoparticle with exceptional photobleaching-resistant fluorescence. They are highly sought after for their potential use in various optical-based biomedical applications.
  • 670
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Defining Bioplastics
A “plastic” by definition is a polymer-based formulation, which consists of one or more polymers (homopolymer, copolymers, blends) plus additives and fillers. “Bioplastics” are either biobased and/or biodegradable, at least to a certain degree and as per a given definition (standard, test method).
  • 670
  • 29 Dec 2023
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