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Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents Systems
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). 
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Paraphilia
Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. There is no scientific consensus for any precise border between unusual sexual interests and paraphilic ones. There is debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The number and taxonomy of paraphilia is under debate; one source lists as many as 549 types of paraphilia. The DSM-5 has specific listings for eight paraphilic disorders. Several sub-classifications of the paraphilias have been proposed, and some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.
  • 3.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Isatis tinctoria L. (Woad)
Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), which is commonly known as woad, is a species with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. Currently, I. tinctoria is utilized more often as medicinal remedy and also as a cosmetic ingredient. In 2011, I. tinctoria root was accepted in the official European phytotherapy by introducing its monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. The biological properties of raw material have been known from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Over recent decades, I. tinctoria has been investigated both from a phytochemical and a biological point of view. The modern in vitro and in vivo scientific studies proved anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical composition of I. tinctoria has been thoroughly investigated and the plant was proven to contain many valuable biologically active compounds, including several alkaloids, among which tryptanthrin, indirubin, indolinone, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, volatile constituents, and fatty acids. This article provides a general botanical and ethnobotanical overview that summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on the phytochemistry and biological properties of this valuable plant in order to support its therapeutic potential. Moreover, the biotechnological studies on I. tinctoria, which mainly focused on hairy root cultures for the enhanced production of flavonoids and alkaloids as well as on the establishment of shoot cultures and micropropagation protocols, were reviewed. They provide input for future research prospects.
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Layered Oxide Cathodes
Layered intercalation compounds are the dominant cathode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. In this review, we discuss the topology of the layered structure and explain how the structure (1) sets the voltage slope trends among various alkali ions, (2) is critically limited to certain transition metals due to their electronic structure, and (3) controls the alkali diffusion mechanism. 
  • 3.2K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Daucus carota
Carrots are a multi-nutritional food source. They are an important root vegetable, rich in natural bioactive compounds, which are recognised for their nutraceutical effects and health benefits.
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Post-Truth
Post-truth is a philosophical and political concept for "the disappearance of shared objective standards for truth" and the "circuitous slippage between facts or alt-facts, knowledge, opinion, belief, and truth". Post-truth discourse is often contrasted with the forms taken by scientific methods and inquiry. The term garnered widespread popularity, in the form of "post-truth politics", in the period around the 2016 United States presidential election and the Brexit referendum. It was named Word of the Year in 2016 by the Oxford Dictionary where it is defined as "Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief". While the term post-truth is relatively recent, the concept can be traced back to earlier moral, epistemic, and political debates about relativism, postmodernity, and mendacity in politics, including nontruthfulness, lies, deception, and deliberate falsehood.
  • 3.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lusterware
Lusterware or Lustreware (respectively the US and all other English spellings) is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence. It is produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze finish, which is given a second firing at a lower temperature in a "muffle kiln", or a reduction kiln, excluding oxygen. The discovery of this technique can be traced back to the 7th century A.D. when Islam emerged in the city of Mecca. Lusterware was first created for the royal courts and the technique of lusterware on ceramic was developed originally in Iraq. Some pieces were signed by their makers, this acted as an indication of the admiration towards each craftsman. Trading in the Middle East was very popular. Abbasid lusterware was very common in trade within the Islamic world; other popular trade items were textiles and various materials for building and crafting (ivory, wood, etc.). The Abbasid period served as an era of discovery especially in relation to the production of luster. The city of Baghdad, Iran and surrounding cities were located on the Silk Road which was the hub of trading during this period. There was a movement of goods generated between Iraq and China which triggered artistic emulations both ends, as well as some transfers of technologies, notably in the realm of ceramics. Lusterware traveled along the trade routes; the production of ceramic lusterware was seen in Egypt and Syria during later centuries.
  • 3.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Achieved Status
Achieved status refers to the social position or rank that individuals attain through their own efforts, abilities, or accomplishments within society. Unlike ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or through inherent characteristics, achieved status is earned through education, occupation, skills, or personal achievements, reflecting individuals' merit and contributions to society.
  • 3.2K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
URL Normalization
URL normalization is the process by which URLs are modified and standardized in a consistent manner. The goal of the normalization process is to transform a URL into a normalized URL so it is possible to determine if two syntactically different URLs may be equivalent. Search engines employ URL normalization in order to assign importance to web pages[clarify] and to reduce indexing of duplicate pages. Web crawlers perform URL normalization in order to avoid crawling the same resource more than once. Web browsers may perform normalization to determine if a link has been visited or to determine if a page has been cached.
  • 3.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Purchase
   Green purchase refers to the green product purchase activities conducted by consumers to save resources and protect the environment.    Green marketing refers to the marketing activities (including price, plan, process, production, promotion, and personnel) designed by enterprises for all consumers. The purpose of these activities is to minimize the environmental impact of the company's products and service.    Many companies have changed their production strategies to actively respond to environmental problems and changes in consumers' environmental attitudes. They abandoned products that are relatively polluting to the environment or harmful to human health and turned to environmental protection products. Although manufacturers have produced environmentally friendly products, many consumers are not interested in their products due to their consumption values, resistance to new technologies, or their resistance to the premium prices charged for these new products, which leads to sales obstacles for these products. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to understand the influencing factors of consumers' green product purchase behavior for green marketing.
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Organelle-Targeted Fluorescent Probes
Fluorescent chemical probes have been extensively used to study biochemical events within live cells. The advent of super-resolution imaging techniques and the availability of a wide variety of fluorescent probes enable effective subcellular tracking of transient metabolites and signaling molecules that are involved in important physiological processes. Probes targeting specific organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes have been used routinely to monitor organelle functions and have become invaluable tools for the investigation of disease-relevant pathways. These probes efficiently target subcellular organelles; however, considering the complexity and diversity of biochemical processes inside the cells, probes that are not only specific to target organelles but also tailored to applications are highly desirable. 
  • 3.2K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Humans
Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields. In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth: the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus), and the external genitalia. Genetic sex is determined solely by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A child's presumed sex is determined at birth by observation of the external genitalia. Sex differences generally refer to traits that are sexually dimorphic. A subset of such differences is hypothesized to be a product of the evolutionary process of sexual selection.
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heat Pump
The Heat Pump (HP) is an environmentally friendly and renewable energy technology that exploits renewable heat energy from the ground, air or water for building or industrial applications by reversing the natural heat flow from a lower to a higher useful temperature. HP technology is commonly classified according to its source, function, type of energy and application. The HPs in cold climate countries are accepted as one of the most outstanding technologies of heating in both residential and commercial buildings, because they provide high seasonal performance factor (SPF), 1.8–3.4 for air source heat pump (ASHP) and 2.5–5.6 for ground source heat pump (GSHP) and water source heat pump (WSHP). However, the spread is large, because of different equipment, design and installation quality as well as maintenance. 
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Retinoblastoma Proteins
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb’s functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved.
  • 3.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Corroles and Hexaphyrins
Recent developments in the synthesis of corroles and hexaphyrins are reviewed, highlighting their potential application in photodynamic therapy.
  • 3.2K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Mental Health and Well-Being amongst Graduate Students
The mental health and well-being of graduate students are of increasing concern worldwide, and though it started as an implicit recognition that students suffer poor mental health, it has expanded into an area of publicly argued concern.
  • 3.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Ousia
Ousia (/ˈuːziə, ˈuːsiə, ˈuːʒə, ˈuːʃə/; Ancient Greek:) is an important philosophical and theological term, originally used in ancient Greek philosophy, then later in Christian theology. It was used by various ancient Greek philosophers, like Plato and Aristotle, as a primary designation for philosophical concepts of essence or substance. In contemporary philosophy, it is analogous to English concepts of being and ontic. In Christian theology, the concept of θεία ουσία (divine essence) is one of the most important doctrinal concepts, central to the development of trinitarian doctrine. The Ancient Greek term ousia was translated in Latin as essentia or substantia, and hence in English as essence or substance.
  • 3.2K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Passive Downdraft Cooling Systems in Buildings
Energy demand for active mechanical space cooling is projected to double by 2050. Wider adoption of passive cooling systems can help reduce demand.
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Universal Medicine
Universal Medicine (UniMed) (UM) is a socially harmful cult founded and led by Serge Benhayon, a former bankrupt tennis coach from New South Wales (NSW) Australia who has no medical qualifications. It sells "Esoteric healing" products, music, publications, workshops and courses. None of the healing modalities are evidence based or have been proven effective by scientific research. Uruguayan-born Benhayon founded the group in 1999 after receiving what he described as an "energetic impress" while on the toilet. A NSW Supreme Court jury found it was true to say that he leads a "socially dangerous" and "socially harmful cult", "intentionally indecently touched" clients and "is a charlatan who makes fraudulent medical claims". In a British court ruling, UM was found to be "a cult with some potentially harmful and sinister elements". The organisation and unregulated health service provider is principally located in Goonellabah and Wollongbar, near Lismore, NSW, Australia. Its European headquarters are known as "The Lighthouse" and is situated between Tytherington and Frome, Somerset, England. The signature treatments practised and taught by Universal Medicine are "esoteric breast massage", "esoteric healing", "ovarian readings", "chakra-puncture", "esoteric connective tissue therapy" and "esoteric ovary massage". All treatments were devised by non-registered health practitioner Serge Benhayon, who has claimed the business grosses at least AUD$2 million a year from courses and retreats. The followers of its doctrine "The Way of the Livingness" are known collectively as "The Student Body". "The Teachings" are classified into meditation, self-care, nutrition, exercise, music, reincarnation, psychological wellbeing and the esoteric, and are supported by audio, books, and online lectures. Serge Benhayon describes himself as a "seer", calls himself the "Ascended Master", and followers call him the "new Messiah". They also believe he "was the one sent from (the mythical kingdom of) Shambhala to awaken us all", is the only human to have achieved the "highest level of initiation" on earth and claim the NSW Supreme Court ruling against him is "totally untrue". In the British court ruling, the doctrine was said to be one of "erroneous and malign beliefs". While Benhayon has denied engaging in unethical practices, significant evidence to the contrary has been documented.
  • 3.2K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Carica papaya Leaf Extract
Carica papaya (papaya) leaf extract has been used for a long time in a traditional medicine to treat fever in some infectious diseases such as dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. The development of science and technology has subsequently made it possible to provide evidence that this plant is not only beneficial as an informal medication, but also that it has scientifically proven pharmacological and toxicological activities, which have led to its formal usage in professional health care systems.
  • 3.2K
  • 08 Dec 2021
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