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Topic Review
Development of Organic Food Sector
Our study aimed to explore the factors limiting the development of the organic food sector in Poland from the perspective of processing, distributing, and retailing companies. We used a qualitative approach with in-depth semi-structured interviews with the management board representatives of 17 large- and medium-sized enterprises and the owners of 10 small and medium companies. The potential limiting factors, including legal, economic, technological, and environmental factors, were identified by reviewing the corporate and market reports of processing and retailing companies operating in the Polish organic sector.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genomic and Udder Evaluation for Dairy Cattle Selection
Genomic and phenotypic selection criteria have been crucial in dairy cattle. Udder health and milk production are important factors affecting productivity in dairy cattle. Furthermore, genomic and phenotypic selection are essential tools for increasing milk supply for human consumption, decreasing the use of antimicrobial products, improving animal health and welfare, and developing efficient dairy cattle production systems. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetics Matters
The understanding of how genetic information may be inherited through generations was established by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s when he developed the fundamental principles of inheritance. The science of genetics, however, began to flourish only during the mid-1940s when DNA was identified as the carrier of genetic information. The world has since then witnessed rapid development of genetic technologies, with the latest being genome-editing tools, which have revolutionized fields from medicine to agriculture. This entry walks through the historical timeline of genetics research and deliberates how this discipline might furnish a sustainable future for humanity.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Effects of High-Temperature Milk Processing
High temperature is defined as 90 to 150 °C. Many dairy processes, including extended shelf-life (ESL) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing, in-container sterilization, yogurt milk heat treatment, pre-heating or forewarming milk for production of sterile concentrated milk and powders, manufacture of co-precipitate and dolce de leche, involve heat treatments in this temperature range. Pasteurization is not included in this paper as it is generally performed at 72–75 °C.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed
In the European Union (EU), the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) is in place to provide information on risks in the food chain. The largest number of notifications in this system concerns plants, followed by products of animal origin and other products.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prevalence of E. coli in Goats
Goat meat is the main source of animal protein in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. Goat meat consumption has also increased in the US in the recent years due to the growing ethnic population. The digestive tract of goat is a natural habitat for Escherichia coli organisms. While researchers have long focused on postharvest intervention strategies to control E. coli outbreaks, recent works have also included preharvest methodologies. In goats, these include minimizing animal stress, manipulating diet a few weeks prior to processing, feeding diets high in tannins, controlling feed deprivation times while preparing for processing, and spray washing goats prior to slaughter.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plant Parasitic Nematodes
Plant parasitic nematodes are a major problem for growers worldwide, causing severe crop losses. Several conventional strategies, such as chemical nematicides and biofumigation, have been employed in the past to manage their infection in plants and spread in soils. However, the search for the most sustainable and environmentally safe practices is still ongoing.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors
The main protease (M-pro) or 3C-like protease of coronaviruses plays an essential role in virus replication. This protease contributes to the cleavage of the ppa1a and pp1ab polyproteins to produce several non-structural proteins, including M-pro itself. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 M-pro enzyme has been extensively studied, and its inhibitors are promising effective drugs for fighting against SARS-CoV-2. The first attempts to discover SARS-CoV-2 M-pro inhibitors used previously developed protease inhibitors or tried to repurpose drugs from other diseases. Covalent inhibitors form a covalent bond, usually with catalytic Cys145. Non-covalent inhibitors bind by non-covalent interactions at the active site of the enzyme, inhibiting its function.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Root Rot Disease in Agriculture
Root rot diseases remain a major global threat to the productivity of agricultural crops. They are usually caused by more than one type of pathogen and are thus often referred to as a root rot complex.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Gray Fox
The Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is a species of fox native to North and Central America, recognized for its distinctive grayish fur, bushy tail, and characteristic black stripe running along its back. Unlike other fox species, the Gray Fox is adept at climbing trees, utilizing its semi-retractable claws to ascend and evade predators or hunt for prey. With a diverse diet including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and vegetation, the Gray Fox occupies a variety of habitats ranging from forests and woodlands to suburban areas, making it a versatile and adaptable carnivore.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Franklinothrips vespiformis
Species of Franklinothrips (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) are predatory on various other insects. These fast moving, ant-mimicking predatory thrips are widely distributed in the tropics. F. vespiformis has gained attention for its potential as a biocontrol agent for a diverse range of greenhouse pests, and it has already been commercially cultured in Europe for certain use.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mutations of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic metabolic disease of the bone system with an autosomal dominant or a recessive type of inheritance. There are also X-linked forms and sporadic cases of this disease. The frequency of the disease in general varies from 1:15,000 to 1:20,000.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Alexander's Kusimanse
Alexander's Kusimanse (Crossarchus alexandri) is a captivating and lesser-known member of the mongoose family, native to the tropical forests of West Africa. Recognized for its distinctive appearance and intriguing social behaviors, this small carnivore plays a significant role in the ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant Cytoplasmic Male Sterility
Plant cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait maintaining female fertility but producing abortive pollen. CMS is widespread among plants and widely used to produce hybrids with significant heterosis. CMS is usually associated with chimeric open reading frames (ORF) caused by mitochondrial genome reorganization.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Organic Acids and Feeding
Because the application of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) causes accelerated adverse effects on the animal diet, the scientific community has taken progressive steps to enhance sustainable animal productivity without using AGP in animal nutrition. Organic acids (OAs) are non-antibiotic feed additives and a promising feeding strategy in the swine and broiler industry. Mechanistically, OAs improve productivity through multiple and diverse pathways in: (a) reduction of pathogenic bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) by reducing the gut pH; (b) boosting the digestibility of nutrients by facilitating digestive enzyme secretion and increasing feed retention time in the gut system; and (c) having a positive impact and preventing meat quality deterioration without leaving any chemical residues. Recent studies have reported the effectiveness of using encapsulated OAs and synergistic mechanisms of OAs combinations in swine and broiler productivity. On the other hand, the synergistic mechanisms of OAs and the optimal combination of OAs in the animal diet are not completely understood, and further intensive scientific explorations are needed. 
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Octopus Biological Studies
Increasing effort in research involving octopuses with a greater number of journals reporting research on these animals, as well as countries, institutions, and researchers involved. Some research themes lost importance over time, while some new themes appeared recently. Current data provide significant insight into the evolving trends in octopuses studies.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Constraints to Cowpea Production
Climate change and variability trends affect crop yields both directly and indirectly. Direct impacts include effects caused by a modification of physical characteristics such as low or high atmospheric temperature, soil fertility level, and water deficiency or erratic rainfall distribution in specific crop production systems. Indirect effects are those that affect production through changes in other species such as pollinators, insect pests, diseases, and weeds. These indirect effects can play a significant role in the production and productivity of cowpea. These limiting factors can broadly be termed abiotic and biotic stresses, resulting in climatic variations and ultimately reducing cowpea yield potential and its productivity.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review Video
Bee Nutritional Ecology
For bees, pollen quality determines the overall quality of the larval food, influences the development of individuals and shapes their populations. Not all plants produce pollen that satisfies the nutritional requirements of bees, and we do not know how different plant pollens impact bees’ nutritional demands. Our understanding of the differential contribution of various nutrients to bees’ growth and development is minimal. Are there species-specific key nutrients or nutrient ratios linked to development? Based on this, can bee fitness be co-limited by several nutrients? Are such key nutrients associated with specific key plant species? The framework of ecological stoichiometry is a promising approach to this issue. It allows questions about the most basic mechanism that shapes the nutritional ecology of bees, i.e., balancing the larval diet to enable larval growth, development and pupation into the adult body equipped with all the structures needed for maximal fitness.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Alzheimer’s Disease
Among millions of sufferers of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the challenge is not only constantly coping with CRS-related symptoms, such as congested nose, sinus pain, and headaches, but also various complications, such as attention difficulties and possible depression. These complications suggest that neural activity in the central nervous system may be altered in those patients, leading to unexpected conditions, such as neurodegeneration in elderly patients. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Yogurt with Incorporated Probiotics
Probiotics are commonly added to yogurt to provide many health benefits for the consumer. A description is provided for some commonly used probiotics in yogurt. A GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list of probiotic bacteria that can be added to yogurt or similar types of products is provided. Additionally, prebiotics, synbiotics (combination of prebiotics and probiotics), postbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics can be added to yogurt. Probiotic yogurt can come in various forms in addition to spoonable yogurt, and yogurt can be used as an ingredient in other food products. Many useful functional ingredients can be applied to probiotic yogurt. The safety of probiotics must be addressed, especially for critically ill patients and other susceptible populations.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Dec 2022
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