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Topic Review
CNTs-Supercapacitors
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to mechanical, electrical, and surface area properties and their ability to adapt to different nanocomposite structures, are very substantial in supercapacitor electrodes.
  • 865
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Footprint of Hydrogen Produced with Photovoltaic Electricity
The production of hydrogen as both chemical feed and energy carrier using low-carbon technologies is one of the solutions to reach net-zero emissions. The publications on the life-cycle assessment of photovoltaic (PV)-based hydrogen production focused on the carbon footprint are reviewed. The global warming potential (GWP) values of this H2 production process considering the state-of-the-art PV panels for installation in Italy are updated. 
  • 862
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ammonia and Hydrogen Energy Utilization in Road Transportation
The crisscross progress of transportation and energy carries the migrating track of human society development and the evolution of civilization, among which the decarbonization strategy is a key issue. Traffic carbon emissions account for 16.2% of total energy carbon emissions, while road traffic carbon emissions account for 11.8% of total energy carbon emissions. Therefore, road traffic is a vital battlefield in attaining the goal of decarbonization. Employing clean energy as an alternative fuel is of great significance to the transformation of the energy consumption structure in road transportation. Hydrogen and ammonia are renewable energy with the characteristics of being widely distributed and clean. Both exist naturally in nature, and the products of complete combustion are substances (water and nitrogen) that do not pollute the atmosphere. Because it can promote agricultural production, ammonia has a long history in human society. Both have the potential to replace traditional fossil fuel energy. 
  • 853
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Single-Phase Electric Springs Control Strategies
The concept of electric springs (ESs) has been proposed as a new solution for stabilizing power grid fed by intermittent renewable energy sources. With a battery or active power source (DC, on the inside), the ESs can provide both active and reactive power compensations. So far, three typical topologies of single-phase ESs have been reported. 
  • 852
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Floating Photovoltaic Systems
Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) system is a solution which employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency.
  • 849
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Conspectus of Photovoltaic Systems
A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of a PV panel, controller and boost converter. The PV panel is a power-generating device. A controller is an electronic device that controls the circulating circuits in a PV system to collect as much PV output as possible from the solar panel. The boost converter is an intermediate device that regulates the PV output based on the duty cycle provided by the controller.
  • 847
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Surface Thermometry Methods in Combustion Environments
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in the combustion processes. Accurate surface temperature can help to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of various solid or liquid fuels, as well as to evaluate the operating status of combustion power facilities such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Techniques for surface temperature measurement could be broadly divided into two categories: contact-based thermometry, which is mainly composed of various types of thermocouples and thermistors, as well as non-intrusive thermometry, e.g., radiation thermometry and laser-based techniques.
  • 844
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Green Energy AI Taxonomy
There is a growing demand for Green AI (Artificial Intelligence) technologies in the market and society, as it emerges as a promising technology. Green AI technologies are used to create sustainable solutions and reduce the environmental impact of AI. 
  • 843
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells
Non-concentrated photovoltaics (PV) have modest efficiency of up to around 20% because they utilise only a narrow spectrum of solar irradiation for electricity conversion. Therefore, recent advances employed multi-junction PV or concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) to widen the irradiation spectrum for conversion. CPV systems concentrate solar irradiation on the cell’s surface, producing high solar flux and temperature. The efficient cooling of CPV cells is critical to avoid thermal degradation and ensure optimal performance. 
  • 841
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields Exposure
The interaction of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with living tissues or manufactured objects can produce different effects on these exposed entities. In different circumstances, these fields are used daily in various friendly applications. Applications of non-ionizing RF-EMF, frequencies from 100 kHz to 300 GHz have continuously increased. This involves medicine (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and RF ablation), manufacturing (e.g., heaters and solders), home usages (e.g., child video display unit and Wi-Fi), protection and navigation (e.g., radar and RFID) and particularly in telecommunications (e.g., TV transmitting and mobile phones). This growth signifies that great amounts of the population are undergoing exposure to RF(radiofrequency)-EMF and worry has been inflated concerning public health concerns due to such exposure.
  • 840
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Increasing Growth of Renewable Energy
The growth of renewable energy actively takes part in decarbonizing the fossil-fuel-based energy system. It reduces carbon emissions, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions and increases clean energy. The usage of renewable resources reduces and solves several problems, such as increasing temperature, carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy waste. Every sector contributes to increasing the above-mentioned factors in the environment. One of the main reasons for this biodegradation and climate change is energy resources. Using renewable energy instead of fossil fuel can solve the problem. This text aims to find open research problems about the application of renewable energy and to initiate new innovative ideas regarding renewable energy. A detailed state of the art includes trends for renewable energy resources, their theoretical evolution, and practical implementations. Methodologies used for decision analysis in renewable energy are discussed in detail. The time frame for this analysis of renewable energy is 2010 to >2022. An extensive literature review finds a huge research scope in applying renewable energy in other research, such as logistics, smart production management, and advanced inventory management. Then, major changes in the profit/cost of that system due to renewable energy can be analyzed. This text proposes some innovative new ideas related cost formulas for renewable energy for the corresponding open problems.
  • 833
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Technological and Legislative Impacts on Automotive Sector Development
Land transport activities play an essential role within our society. At the same time, these activities generate directly huge amounts of pollutants due to vehicle operation, and indirectly, more pollution due to vehicle production and recycling as well as a significant consumption of energetic resources and raw materials. Looking back into the cars history, one can notice how their technological development was correlated with the socio-economic, environmental, and health context, and has paved the way for new policies and strategies for exploiting the available energy sources and materials with respect to the current automotive regulations.
  • 830
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Solar Forecasting
Solar energy forecasting is essential for the effective integration of solar power into electricity grids and the optimal management of renewable energy resources.
  • 830
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
New Energetic Cocrystals
Cocrystallization refers to the orderly modification of the molecular structure of two or more elemental crystals without deteriorating the original bonding structure of the constituent crystals. The orderly arrangement of heterogeneous molecules having a fixed stoichiometry is the quintessence of cocrystallization. The resultant product thus formed is termed a ‘cocrystal’ and if one of the constituent crystals is an energetic material, the consequent cocrystalized product is called an ‘energetic cocrystal’ (ECC). ECCs are synthesized in an attempt to bridge the energy–safety contradiction of energetic materials (EMs),, and have this as one of their core objectives. For synthesis of an ECC, it is not necessary to synthesize a new energetic material; an existing EM can also be cocrystalized to form an ECC for appropriate applications. Cocrystallization, therefore, is a useful method for tuning the properties of Ems and producing designer, target-oriented EMs.
  • 828
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Energy Scenarios
The assessment of future options and pathways for sustainable energy systems requires considering multiple techno-economic, ecological and social issues. Multicriteria analysis methods, which are useful tools that aid decision processes involving various and even conflicting qualitative and quantitative criteria, could support such comprehensive analyses. With regard to energy policies, the key actors and stakeholders’ acceptance of emerging and innovative technologies for generating, converting and storing electricity, heat and fuels is crucial for their future implementation. The multiactor multicriteria (MAMCA) methodology was developed to involve stakeholders with vastly different views and objectives when addressing complex societal problems. 
  • 817
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Heat Transfer Limitations in Supercritical Water Gasification
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising technology for the valorization of wet biomass with a high-water content, which has attracted increasing interest. Many experimental studies have been carried out using conventional heating equipment at lab scale, where researchers try to obtain insight into the process. However, heat transfer from the energy source to the fluid stream entering the reactor may be ineffective, so slow heating occurs that produces a series of undesirable reactions, especially char formation and tar formation. This paper reviews the limitations due to different factors affecting heat transfer, such as low Reynolds numbers or laminar flow regimes, unknown real fluid temperature as this is usually measured on the tubing surface, the strong change in physical properties of water from subcritical to supercritical that boosts a deterioration in heat transfer, and the insufficient mixing, among others. In addition, some troubleshooting and new perspectives in the design of efficient and effective devices are described and proposed to enhance heat transfer, which is an essential aspect in the experimental studies of SCWG to move it forward to a larger scale.
  • 816
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Wind Turbine Wake Modeling
As wind energy continues to be a crucial part of sustainable power generation, the need for precise and efficient modeling of wind turbines, especially under yawed conditions, becomes increasingly significant. Addressing this, the current study introduces a machine learning-based symbolic regression approach for elucidating wake dynamics.
  • 807
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Energy Systems and Renewable Energy Sources
The global energy production is currently characterized by an unprecedented shift to renewable energy sources (RES) and their technologies. However, the local and the environmental benefits of such RES-based technologies show a wide variety of technological maturity, with a common mismatch to local RES stocks and actual utilization levels of RES exploitation. Among contemporary sources of energy production, hydrogen can be characterized as an efficient and clean fuel. The role of hydrogen as a clean energy source is a promising but also a contentious issue. This multifaceted role of hydrogen utilization for clean energy production is literature-reviewed and technology-conveyed. 
  • 806
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prospects of Bioethanol from Agricultural Residues in Bangladesh
Since Bangladesh is an agricultural country, bioethanol could be the best alternative fuel generated from agricultural residues and waste. Every year, a large amount of agricultural residue is generated in this country, from which a vast amount of bioethanol could be produced. Bioethanol derived from agricultural residue and waste can reduce dependency on fossil resources, reduce fossil fuel’s environmental impact, and improve engine performance. 
  • 805
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Reuse of Wind Turbine Blades
The sustainability of wind power has been called into question because there are currently no truly sustainable solutions to the problem of how to deal with the non-biodegradable fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wind blades (sometimes referred to as “wings”) that capture the wind energy. The vast majority of wind blades that have reached their end-of-life (EOL) currently end up in landfills (either in full-sized pieces or pulverized into smaller pieces) or are incinerated. The problem has come to a head since many countries (especially in the EU) have outlawed, or expect to outlaw in the near future, one or both of these unsustainable and polluting disposal methods. An increasing number of studies have addressed the issue of EOL blade “waste”; however, these studies are generally of little use since they make predictions that do not account for the manner in which wind blades are decommissioned (from the time the decision is made to retire a turbine (or a wind farm) to the eventual disposal or recycling of all of its components).
  • 797
  • 29 Aug 2023
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