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Ghobad Behzadi pour
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Pour, G.B.; Ashourifar, H.; Aval, L.F.; Solaymani, S. CNTs-Supercapacitors. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45387 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Pour GB, Ashourifar H, Aval LF, Solaymani S. CNTs-Supercapacitors. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45387. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Pour, Ghobad Behzadi, Hassan Ashourifar, Leila Fekri Aval, Shahram Solaymani. "CNTs-Supercapacitors" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45387 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Pour, G.B., Ashourifar, H., Aval, L.F., & Solaymani, S. (2023, June 09). CNTs-Supercapacitors. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45387
Pour, Ghobad Behzadi, et al. "CNTs-Supercapacitors." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 June, 2023.
CNTs-Supercapacitors
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/sym15061179

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to mechanical, electrical, and surface area properties and their ability to adapt to different nanocomposite structures, are very substantial in supercapacitor electrodes.

supercapacitor CNTs PANI specific capacitance

1. Introduction

Supercapacitors are capable energy storage systems, as they offer fast charge/discharge, high cycle stability, high power density, and stable electrical properties. Supercapacitors in several industries are used for energy harvesting and high-power systems in electric vehicles. Recently, supercapacitors based on CNTs composite electrodes have received more attention due to the electrical and chemical properties of CNTs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].

2. CNTs/Metal-Based Supercapacitors

Increasing energy demands are causing the growth of new materials for supercapacitors’ electrodes and electrolytes. Recently, CNT/metal nanocomposites were widely investigated for the development of supercapacitor electrode materials such as CNTs/HCNFs/MOF, CNTs/NiPMo12, CNT/BT/Zn-N, CNTs@NHP/Co@LDH-CoZnAl, CNTs/ZnCo2O4, CNTs/NiO/MnO2, CNTs/Ti3C2TX, CNTs/KCl, CNTs/V2CTx MXene, CNTs/NiC32N8H16, CNTs/MnS, CNTs/MnO2, CNTs/Ni–Va and CNTs/ZnWO4/Ni foam, CNTs/NiO/MnO2, CNTs/ZnO/C, CNTs/NiCo2S4@N, CNTs@Bi2S3/MoS2, CNTs/Cu2P2O7, and CNTs/MXene with a SC of 712 F/g, 815.6 F/g, 252 F/g, 869.6 F/g, 888 F/g, 23 F/g, 270.5 F/g, 334.4 F/g, 1842 F/g, 12 F/g, 8 F/g, 1298 F/g, 386 F/g, 1493 F/g, 4552 F/g, 1320 F/g, 650 F/g, 254 F/g, 1338 F/g, 465 F/g, and 401.4 F/g, respectively [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. A comparison of SC, power, and energy densities of CNT/metal-based supercapacitors published in 2022 is mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of CNT/metal electrode-based supercapacitors.
Electrode Materials CR (%)/Cycles SC (F/g) Energy
Density
(Wh/kg)		 Power
Density
(W/kg)		 Reference
CNTs/Ni 83.2/5000 97 32.6 476.5 [28]
CNTs/NiCo2O4/Ni/C - 1945.9 58.31 749.7 [29]
CNTs/NiCoO2 92/5000 1587 41.8 412 [30]
CNTs/NiS2/NiCo2S4 83/10,000 2905 58.1 - [31]
CNTs/NiFe2O4 89.16/5000 670 23.39 466.66 [32]
CNTs/Co-S@carbon nanofibers 96.9/10,000 416.5 10.3 320 [33]
CNTs/Co3V2O8 95.26/3000 120.17 37.55 - [34]
CNTs/ZIF/MoS2 -/10,000 262 52.4 3680 [35]
CNTs/ZnCoS 96/10,000 2957.6 68.8 700 [36]
CNTs/MnO2 78.26/6000 253.86 32 413.70 [37]
CNTs/Ti3C2/MnCo2S4 94.09/5000 823 49.5 350 [38]
CNTs/Bi-Fe-P 85.6/8000 532 81.5 890.2 [39]
CNTs/cerium selenide nanopebbles 84.1/4000 451.4 36.3–14.5 2800–5600 [40]
CNTs/Nb2O5 96/10,000 192 5.4–2.7 98.7–24.671 [41]
CNTs/Nitrogen–Boron–Carbon 95.7/3000 432.31 11.67–7.74 300–1485 [42]
CNTs/SnS2-BN 101/- 87 49 - [43]
Metals that are organic due to chemical and physical properties such as porosity were proposed for supercapacitors’ electrode material. A comparison of supercapacitors based on CNT/Ni electrode structures is reported in Table 1 [28][29][30][31][32]. Sun et al. [28] synthesized the CNT/Ni composite electrode for the supercapacitor electrode and reported that the SC of the supercapacitor was 97 F/g and 83.2% retention after 5000 cycles. They reached 32.6 Wh/kg and 476.5 W/kg energy density and power density, respectively, for CNT/Ni supercapacitors. The hierarchical electrode materials are attractive for energy storage applications. The supercapacitor is based on the CNT/NiCo2O4/Ni/C electrode structure described in Ref. [29]. The paper mentioned that the SC of a supercapacitor with the hierarchical electrode material was 1945.9 F/g with an energy density of 58.31 Wh/kg at a power density of 749.7 W/kg. One of the disadvantages of supercapacitors is related to the low energy density that can be improved by pseudocapacitive materials from redox reactions. A supercapacitor electrode based on the CNT/NiCoO2 mesoporous structure presented the SC of 1587 F/g and 92% CR after 5000 cycles, with an energy density of 41.8 Wh/kg at a power density of 412 W/kg [30]. Geioushy et al. [31] introduced the CNT/NiS2/NiCo2S4 nanostructure as electrode material for energy storage applications. They achieved the SC of 1587 F/g and 83% CR after 10,000 cycles. The composition of the binary metal oxide with CNTs is considered for increased energy storage in recent reports. The supercapacitor with the CNT/NiFe2O4 electrode structure demonstrated energy and power densities of 23.39 Wh/kg and 466.66 W/kg, respectively [32]. Supercapacitors with long-cycle stability and flexible electrodes are in demand for portable electronic equipment. Yao et al. [33] investigated the flexible quasi-solid-state supercapacitor based on the CNT/Co-S/carbon nanofibers’ electrode and stated that the SC of the supercapacitor was 416.5 F/g and 96.9% CR after 10,000 cycles. Due to the tunable structure and stability properties of the binary metal, oxides were used for electrode materials’ construction. The supercapacitor with the gel polymer electrolyte and the CNT/Co3V2O8 electrode was proposed in Ref. [34]. The paper detailed that the SC of the supercapacitor was 120.17 F/g and 95.26% CR after 3000 cycles. Despite the capability of supercapacitors in energy storage, there is a big difference in energy densities between batteries and supercapacitors. Houpt et al. [35] introduced a hybrid framework with the CNT/ZIF/MoS2 electrode material. They stated that the power density was 3682 W/kg for the supercapacitor with a SC of 262 F/g. A supercapacitor based on the metal–organic CNT/ZnCoS electrode demonstrated the SC of 2957.6 F/g with a 96% CR after 10,000 cycles [36]. Metal–oxygen material such as CNTs/MnO2 was used for the supercapacitor electrode and achieved the SC of 253.86 F/g with 78.26% CR after 6000 cycles, with energy and power densities of 32 Wh/kg and 413.7 W/kg, respectively [37]. The improvement of supercapacitors’ performance is related to the electrode materials and structural design. The CNT/Ti3C2/MnCo2S4 composite electrode with positively charged CNTs and negatively charged Ti3C2 was investigated in Ref. [38]. The paper mentioned that the symmetric supercapacitor demonstrated the SC of 823 F/g and energy and power densities of 49.5 Wh/kg and 350 W/kg respectively. Pseudocapacitive materials due to their good redox processes and low cost are proper for supercapacitor fabrication. A supercapacitor based on the CNT/Bi-Fe-P electrode exhibited an energy density and power densities of 81.5 Wh/kg and 890.2 W/kg, respectively, with 85.6% CR after 8000 cycles [39]. Problems in flexible energy storage devices are related to mechanical properties, cyclic stability, and small capacitance. A flexible symmetric supercapacitor based on the CNT/cerium selenide nanopebbles’ electrode and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-LiClO4 gel electrolyte was proposed in Ref. [40]. The study achieved energy and power densities in a range of 36.3–14.5 Wh/kg and 2800–5600 W/kg, respectively. There is sodium due to an abundance in the Earth’s crust, leading to low-cost energy storage and renewable energies. In combination with niobium pentoxide and CNTs, sodium ions can make intercalation into niobium pentoxide and electrostatic adsorption into CNTs.
Real et al. [41] investigated a flexible, sodium-ion pseudocapacitor with the CNT/Nb2O5 electrode and demonstrated a SC of 192 F/g and 96% CR after 10,000 cycles. A supercapacitor based on the CNT/Nitrogen–Boron–Carbon electrode reached energy density and power density in a range between 11.67–7.74 Wh/kg and 300–1485 W/kg, respectively [42]. Due to large-volume oscillations, the low inherent conductivity and stability of the bare SnS2 are not expected for supercapacitor devices. A supercapacitor with CNT/SnS2-BN electrode material stated the SC of 87 F/g [43]. As can be observed from Figure 1 for CNT/metal-based supercapacitors, the energy density is higher, and for CNT/graphene-based supercapacitors, the power density is highlighted. The CNT/metal-based supercapacitors achieved an energy density of about 80 Wh/kg, and the CNT/graphene-based supercapacitor reached a power density of 9000 W/kg.
Symmetry 15 01179 g006 550
Figure 1. Comparison of specific capacitance, power density, and energy density for supercapacitors based on the CNTs/metal, CNTs/graphene, and CNTS/PANI.

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Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Ghobad Behzadi Pour
,
Hassan Ashourifar
,
Leila Fekri Aval
,
Shahram Solaymani
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Update Date: 12 Jun 2023
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