Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Khalifa Aliyu Ibrahim
 -- 1610 2023-03-25 11:48:05 |
2 layout & references
Sirius Huang
 Meta information modification 1610 2023-03-27 02:42:27 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Ibrahim, K.A.; Luk, P.; Luo, Z. Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42537 (accessed on 18 November 2024).
Ibrahim KA, Luk P, Luo Z. Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42537. Accessed November 18, 2024.
Ibrahim, Khalifa Aliyu, Patrick Luk, Zhenhua Luo. "Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42537 (accessed November 18, 2024).
Ibrahim, K.A., Luk, P., & Luo, Z. (2023, March 25). Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/42537
Ibrahim, Khalifa Aliyu, et al. "Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 March, 2023.
Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/en16062842

Non-concentrated photovoltaics (PV) have modest efficiency of up to around 20% because they utilise only a narrow spectrum of solar irradiation for electricity conversion. Therefore, recent advances employed multi-junction PV or concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) to widen the irradiation spectrum for conversion. CPV systems concentrate solar irradiation on the cell’s surface, producing high solar flux and temperature. The efficient cooling of CPV cells is critical to avoid thermal degradation and ensure optimal performance. 

concentrated solar cell solar energy electrical and thermal efficiency CPV cooling mechanism heat transfer enhancement

1. Introduction

Solar energy in the world’s total energy mix has become much more significant over the past two decades [1][2][3]. Photovoltaic (PV) cells produce electricity directly from the sun’s irradiation. They are an excellent alternative to decreasing the use of fossil fuels, which contributes to global warming [4][5][6]. On our planet, solar energy from direct sunlight is both the most widespread and the most easily accessible source of energy [7][8]. Sand, widely accessible globally, is the primary silicon source for PV cells [9]. Most PV systems consist of single-junction PV cells, which have become more cost-effective in recent decades. However, their efficiency is relatively low, around 20%, because they can only convert a narrow range of electromagnetic waves into electricity. Multi-junction PV cells, also known as concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) cells, have recently emerged as an alternative. The structure of multijunction CPV cells broadens the spectrum of electromagnetic waves that can be converted into energy, making them a more attractive option for the renewable energy community. CPV systems utilise equipment such as parabolic mirrors to concentrate and increase solar irradiation density up to 1000 times (1000 suns) at the CPV cell’s surface.

2. Types and Classification of Cooling Techniques in Solar Cells

Research by [10] examines the cooling system using an active cooling system pump. It collects the heat from the PV and dissipates it utilising a convector or heat sink. Several researchers have highlighted that active cooling is more efficient and suitable for high concentrations. The authors of [10] experimented and reported that the output of a concentration solar panel is between 4.7 and 5.2 times that of the nonconcentrated cell. The results demonstrate that the solar cell temperature was reduced to below 60 °C, generating more electrical output. Research using parabolic concentrators to analyse heat transfer in photovoltaics has been conducted by [11]. Researchers found that the temperature of the concentrator aperture and the PV cell increased with the intensity of incident solar energy. A comparative analysis is presented in Table 1 between the most commercially available photovoltaic and a concentrated multijunction solar cell based on the following references [12][13][14][15][16][17].
Table 1. Comparison between primarily used solar cells with concentrated multijunction solar cells.
Type of Solar Cell Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Thin Film Multi-Junction
Type of
Material		 Fragments from single wafer crystal Fragments from different silicon crystals Fragments from single wafer crystal Combination of different
semiconductors
Life Span 25 to 30 years 20 to 25 years 10 to 20 years 30 or more years
Efficiency 14 to 26% 12 to 21% Very low 33.8 to 69.1
Appearance Aesthetic Non-aesthetic Aesthetic Aesthetic
Portability Big, comes in
different size		 Big, comes in different size Flexible lightweight Lightweight, smaller size
Number of Junctions 1 1 1 It can have 2–7
Cost High High Low Higher
Research and development in CPV have highlighted the importance of effective cooling. The cooling system ensures that the cell operates within its optimal temperature. CPV cooling design typically has thermal resistance coefficients with good cell temperature uniformity for maximum efficiency [18]. Additionally, it is vital to consider the cooling system’s power consumption, ease of installation, and high level of dependability. The selection of a cooling technique depends on the objective and operational environment [18]. However, the suitability of a cooling method is contingent on the solar concentration, location, installation, and system output requirements [19]. Researchers classify CPV cooling as either passive or active, depending on the geometry, coolant, and level of solar concentration [19]. Furthermore, CPV cooling can be categorised based on the nature of heat transfer, natural circulation and forced circulation, or the type of coolant as passive cooling and active cooling [7][20][21]. Researchers report that passive cooling is suitable for concentrations of less than 20 suns; in high concentrations, active cooling is necessary [22].
Natural circulation and forced circulation can be air-based cooling or water-based cooling. Air-based cooling is simple and cheaper [21]. However, it has a lower heat transfer coefficient which varies from 1–10 W/m2.KW/m2.K for natural circulation to 20–100 W/m2.K W/m2.K for forced circulation [18]. Water-based cooling has a better heat transfer coefficient of 200–1000 W/m2.K W/m2.K for natural circulation and 1000–1500 W/m2.KW/m2.K for forced circulation [11][23][24]. Ref. [25] stated heat pipe heat sink dissipates flux in CPV. Researchers reported that under 25 suns, the heat pipe and heat sink could cool CPV to 37.8 °C and 54.16 °C, respectively. They have highlighted that this cooling method is cost-effective due to its low energy consumption. The disadvantage of passive cooling is the size in terms of the heatsink area. Economically, the passive system is not viable because it requires a large amount of material, consisting of larger fins and plate areas depending on the concentration ratio [1][2][3][19][26][27]. Photovoltaic (PV) cells produce electricity directly from the sun’s irradiation. They are an excellent alternative to decreasing the use of fossil fuels, which contributes to global warming [4][5][6]. On our planet, solar energy from direct sunlight is both the most widespread and the most easily accessible source of energy [7][19][26][27][28]. In other words, the greater the concentration ratio of the CPV, the larger the required heatsink. This has reduced the feasibility and attractiveness of using a PC system to cool a CPV. The use of active cooling (AC) to achieve temperature uniformity has been studied. With this method, the coolant circulates through the cooling system using an active cooling system pump. It collects the heat from the PV and dissipates it utilising a convector or heat sink. Several researchers have highlighted that active cooling is more efficient and suitable for high concentrations [25][29][30][31]. However, one of the limitations posed by AC includes temperature non-uniformity. Table 2 summarises research availability and current challenges of CPV cooling.
Table 2. Limitations and challenges in existing methods of CPV cooling.
Cooling
Technique		 Method of Study Concentration Main Challenges Reference
Heat Pipe
and Fins		 Experiment   Energies 16 02842 i001
Theoretical   Energies 16 02842 i002
Numerically   Energies 16 02842 i002
Simulation   Energies 16 02842 i002		 Lower
Medium
High *		 Overheating, uncontrollable oscillatory thermal flows, reverse thermal flows, area-dependent cooling capacity, temperature non-uniformity [18][19][32][33][34][35][36][37]
PCM Experiment   Energies 16 02842 i002
Theoretical   Energies 16 02842 i002
Numerically   Energies 16 02842 i002
Simulation   Energies 16 02842 i002		 Lower
Medium
High *		 Limited cooling capacity at higher concentrations, limited amounts of heat energy storage, acidic nature, issue of disposal after lifetime used, mass/weight cooling capacity dependant [30][38][39][40][41][42]
Jet
Impingement		 Experiment   Energies 16 02842 i001
Theoretical   Energies 16 02842 i001
Numerically   Energies 16 02842 i001
Simulation   Energies 16 02842 i002		 Lower
Medium
High		 System design complexity, draining spent flow, temperature non-uniformity, manufacturing costs [43][44][45][46]
Immersion
Liquid		 Experiment   Energies 16 02842 i002
Theoretical   Energies 16 02842 i001
Numerically   Energies 16 02842 i001
Simulation   Energies 16 02842 i001		 Lower
Medium
High		 Salt deposition issue,
cell performance degression, pressure drop, type of liquid, increased weight, design architecture		 [30][47][48][49][50][51][52]
Microchannel Experiment   Energies 16 02842 i001
Theoretical   Energies 16 02842 i001
Numerically   Energies 16 02842 i002
Simulation   Energies 16 02842 i002		 Lower
Medium
High		 Pressure drops, corrosion,
temperature non-uniformity, higher manufacturing costs,
more power requirements, more studies are needed to commercialise		 [53][54][55][56][57][58]
Level of Research Reported in CPV cooling: Energies 16 02842 i002 = Good number of study available; Energies 16 02842 i001 = Limited number of study available; Level of Concentration (C): Lower: C < 20 suns, Medium: 20 < C < 100, High: C > 100. * With a hybrid system configuration.
In order to improve the thermal performance of a system, nanofluids offer a promising solution. However, they have limitations, including high costs, potential corrosion problems, pressure drops, sedimentation, and agglomeration. Hybrid CPV technology, which utilises methods such as jet impingement cooling, microchannels or impingement cooling, and heat pipes, can potentially enhance electrical and thermal performance. Researchers can utilise the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to create a mutually beneficial scenario to achieve cell temperature reduction while enhancing system output by incorporating a heat recovery system into a CPV thermal system. However, various restrictions and challenges exist associated with implementing concentrated photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) hybrid systems, such as complexities related to design, initial costs, component compatibility, and a lack of available platforms integrated model packages for research purposes. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is another method of improving heat transfer by inducing fluid motion through an electric field, enhancing convective heat transfer [59][60][61]. This approach can be beneficial in microfluidic channels and other critical applications. Researchers use magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow to enhance heat transfer. Applying an external magnetic field induces fluid motion and enhances convective heat transfer. MHD flow has been used in various heat transfer applications, such as nuclear reactors, liquid metal batteries, and plasma devices [58][59][60]. The limitations and research gaps of the current approach to heat transfer enhancement are summarised in Table 3.
Table 3. Heat transfer enhancement approach in thermal energy management (MHTE).
MHTE Approach Area of Approach Current State of Art Research Gap and Limitations
Use of Nanofluid Type coolant   Energies 16 02842 i002 Corrosion problems, stability issues, sedimentation issues, agglomeration issues, pressure drop, high cost
Hybrid Cooling Overall system   Energies 16 02842 i003 Compatibility issues, cost economic viability, integrating components within a single system
Boiling Heat Pipes
(PHP)		 Phase change liquids   Energies 16 02842 i001 Limited modelling tools, no flow pattern control, little experimental work, and availability of components to measure flow.
Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD) Type coolant and overall system   Energies 16 02842 i001 Limited experimental work, more numerical models and simulations research are required, and additional cost
Electro Osmotic Flow
(EOF)		 Porous material under the influence of an electric field   Energies 16 02842 i004 Limited modelling tools, effects of channel geometries on the EOF, design optimisation
Pulsating
Flow		 Flow and overall system   Energies 16 02842 i004 Limited theoretical study, more research is needed combined with porous media, contradicting results, additional cost due to using of solenoid valves, other means to provide pulsation can be explored, may lead to system complexity
Level of Research Reported: Energies 16 02842 i002 = Applied to CPV cooling, and a good number of studies are available; Energies 16 02842 i003 = Good number of studies available with limited research in a ground couple/ ORC systems; Energies 16 02842 i001 = Limited number of studies available and have been in the field of electronics; Energies 16 02842 i004 = Studies available mainly in the field of medicine, electronics, and mechanical engineering but has not been applied to CPV cooling.

References

  1. Gul, M.; Kotak, Y.; Muneer, T. Review on Recent Trend of Solar Photovoltaic Technology. Energy Explor. Exploit. 2016, 34, 485–526.
  2. Ankit; Sahoo, S.K.; Sukchai, S.; Yanine, F.F. Review and Comparative Study of Single-Stage Inverters for a PV System. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 91, 962–986.
  3. Zhang, J.; Xuan, Y. Performance Improvement of a Photovoltaic—Thermoelectric Hybrid System Subjecting to Fluctuant Solar Radiation. Renew. Energy 2017, 113, 1551–1558.
  4. Al-Nimr, M.A.; Bukhari, M.; Mansour, M. A Combined CPV/T and ORC Solar Power Generation System Integrated with Geothermal Cooling and Electrolyser/Fuel Cell Storage Unit. Energy 2017, 133, 513–524.
  5. Abdulmunem, A.R.; Samin, P.M.; Rahman, H.A.; Hussien, H.A.; Mazali, I.I. Enhancing PV Cell’s Electrical Efficiency Using Phase Change Material with Copper Foam Matrix and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Passive Cooling Method. Renew. Energy 2020, 160, 663–675.
  6. Nandurkar, Y.; Shrivastava, R.L.; Soni, V.K. Improvement in Energy Efficiency of CPV Module by Way of Various Active and Passive Cooling Techniques. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C 2022, 103, 259–265.
  7. Sharaf, M.; Huzayyin, A.S.; Yousef, M.S. Performance Enhancement of Photovoltaic Cells Using Phase Change Material (PCM) in Winter. Alex. Eng. J. 2022, 61, 44.
  8. Xu, H.; Wang, N.; Zhang, C.; Qu, Z.; Karimi, F. Energy Conversion Performance of a PV/T-PCM System under Different Thermal Regulation Strategies. Energy Convers. Manag. 2021, 229, 113660.
  9. Ranabhat, K.; Patrikeev, L.; Revina, A.A.; Andrianov, K.; Lapshinsky, V.; Sofronova, E. An Introduction to Solar Cell Technology. J. Appl. Eng. Sci. 2016, 14, 481–491.
  10. Du, B.; Hu, E.; Kolhe, M. Performance Analysis of Water Cooled Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) System. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 6732–6736.
  11. Mallick, T.K.; Eames, P.C.; Norton, B. Using Air Flow to Alleviate Temperature Elevation in Solar Cells within Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrators. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 3.
  12. Hersch, P.; Zweibel, K.S. Basic Photovoltaic Principles and Methods; Energy Research Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 1982.
  13. Nayan, M.F.; Ullah, S.M.S.; Saif, S.N. Comparative Analysis of PV Module Efficiency for Different Types of Silicon Materials Considering the Effects of Environmental Parameters. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information and Communication Technology, iCEEiCT 2016, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 22–24 September 2016.
  14. Wilson, G.M.; Al-Jassim, M.; Metzger, W.K.; Glunz, S.W.; Verlinden, P.; Xiong, G.; Mansfield, L.M.; Stanbery, B.J.; Zhu, K.; Yan, Y.; et al. The 2020 Photovoltaic Technologies Roadmap. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 493001.
  15. Itten, R.; Stucki, M. Highly Efficient 3rd Generation Multi-Junction Solar Cells Using Silicon Heterojunction and Perovskite Tandem: Prospective Life Cycle Environmental Impacts. Energy 2017, 10, 841.
  16. Philipps, S.P.; Bett, A.W. III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells and Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems. Adv. Opt. Technol. 2014, 3, 469–478.
  17. Ibrahim, K.A.; Kim, M.; Kinuthia, D.; Hussaini, Z.A.; Crawley, F.; Luo, Z. High Performance Green Hydrogen Generation System. In Proceedings of the IEEE 20th International Conference on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications, PowerMEMS 2021, Virtual, 6–8 December 2021.
  18. Xiao, M.; Tang, L.; Zhang, X.; Lun, I.; Yuan, Y. A Review on Recent Development of Cooling Technologies for Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) Systems. Energy 2018, 11, 3416.
  19. Bahaidarah, H.M.S.; Baloch, A.A.B.; Gandhidasan, P. Uniform Cooling of Photovoltaic Panels: A Review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 57, 1520–1544.
  20. Sharaf, M.; Yousef, M.S.; Huzayyin, A.S. Review of Cooling Techniques Used to Enhance the Efficiency of Photovoltaic Power Systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 26131–26159.
  21. Wang, S.; Shi, J.; Chen, H.H.; Schafer, S.R.; Munir, M.; Stecker, G.; Pan, W.; Lee, J.J.; Chen, C.L. Cooling Design and Evaluation for Photovoltaic Cells within Constrained Space in a CPV/CSP Hybrid Solar System. Appl. Eng. 2017, 110, 196.
  22. Royne, A.; Dey, C.J.; Mills, D.R. Cooling of Photovoltaic Cells under Concentrated Illumination: A Critical Review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2005, 86, 451–483.
  23. Tonui, J.K.; Tripanagnostopoulos, Y. Air-Cooled PV/T Solar Collectors with Low Cost Performance Improvements. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 2.
  24. Radziemska, E. Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Integrated System. Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 2009, 732093.
  25. Anand, S.; Senthil Kumar, M.; Balasubramanian, K.R.; Ajith Krishnan, R.; Maheswari, L. An Experimental Study on Thermal Management of Concentrated Photovoltaic Cell Using Loop Heat Pipe and Heat Sink. Heat Transf. Asian Res. 2019, 48, 21504.
  26. Theristis, M.; Sarmah, N.; Mallick, T.K.; O’Donovan, T.S. Design and Numerical Analysis of Enhanced Cooling Techniques for a High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) System. In Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Frankfurt, Germany, 24–28 September 2012.
  27. Cui, M.; Chen, N.; Yang, X.; Wang, Y.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, X. Thermal Analysis and Test for Single Concentrator Solar Cells. J. Semicond. 2009, 30, 044011.
  28. Xu, J.; Luo, E.; Hochgreb, S. A Thermoacoustic Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) System for Waste Heat and LNG Cold Energy Recovery. Energy 2021, 227, 20341.
  29. Abo-Zahhad, E.M.; Ookawara, S.; Radwan, A.; El-Shazly, A.H.; ElKady, M.F. Thermal and Structure Analyses of High Concentrator Solar Cell under Confined Jet Impingement Cooling. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 176, 39–54.
  30. Al-Amri, F.; Maatallah, T.S.; Al-Amri, O.F.; Ali, S.; Ali, S.; Ateeq, I.S.; Zachariah, R.; Kayed, T.S. Innovative Technique for Achieving Uniform Temperatures across Solar Panels Using Heat Pipes and Liquid Immersion Cooling in the Harsh Climate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Alex. Eng. J. 2022, 61, 1413–1424.
  31. Anderson, W.G.; Dussinger, P.M.; Sarraf, D.B.; Tamanna, S. Heat Pipe Cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic Cells. In Proceedings of the Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 11–16 May 2008.
  32. Gilmore, N.; Timchenko, V.; Menictas, C. Microchannel Cooling of Concentrator Photovoltaics: A Review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 90, 1041–1059.
  33. Shittu, S.; Li, G.; Zhao, X.; Akhlaghi, Y.G.; Ma, X.; Yu, M. Comparative Study of a Concentrated Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric System with and without Flat Plate Heat Pipe. Energy Convers. Manag. 2019, 193, 55.
  34. Shittu, S.; Li, G.; Zhao, X.; Zhou, J.; Ma, X.; Akhlaghi, Y.G. Experimental Study and Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric with Flat Plate Micro-Channel Heat Pipe. Energy Convers. Manag. 2020, 207, 112515.
  35. Badr, F.; Radwan, A.; Ahmed, M.; Hamed, A.M. An Experimental Study of the Concentrator Photovoltaic/Thermoelectric Generator Performance Using Different Passive Cooling Methods. Renew. Energy 2022, 185, 80.
  36. Han, X.; Lv, Y. Design and Dynamic Performance of a Concentrated Photovoltaic System with Vapor Chambers Cooling. Appl. Eng. 2022, 201, 117824.
  37. Han, X.; Zhao, X.; Chen, X. Design and Analysis of a Concentrating PV/T System with Nanofluid Based Spectral Beam Splitter and Heat Pipe Cooling. Renew. Energy 2020, 162, 131.
  38. Senthilkumar, M.; Balasubramanian, K.R.; Kottala, R.K.; Sivapirakasam, S.P.; Maheswari, L. Characterization of Form-Stable Phase-Change Material for Solar Photovoltaic Cooling. J. Anal. Calorim. 2020, 141, 2487–2496.
  39. Nasef, H.A.; Nada, S.A.; Hassan, H. Integrative Passive and Active Cooling System Using PCM and Nanofluid for Thermal Regulation of Concentrated Photovoltaic Solar Cells. Energy Convers. Manag. 2019, 199, 12065.
  40. Duan, J. A Novel Heat Sink for Cooling Concentrator Photovoltaic System Using PCM-Porous System. Appl. Eng. 2021, 186, 116522.
  41. Rahmanian, S.; Rahmanian-Koushkaki, H.; Omidvar, P.; Shahsavar, A. Nanofluid-PCM Heat Sink for Building Integrated Concentrated Photovoltaic with Thermal Energy Storage and Recovery Capability. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2021, 46, 101223.
  42. Aslfattahi, N.; Saidur, R.; Arifutzzaman, A.; Abdelrazik, A.S.; Samylingam, L.; Sabri, M.F.M.; Sidik, N.A.C. Improved Thermo-Physical Properties and Energy Efficiency of Hybrid PCM/Graphene-Silver Nanocomposite in a Hybrid CPV/Thermal Solar System. J. Anal. Calorim. 2022, 147, 125–1142.
  43. Barrau, J.; Omri, M.; Chemisana, D.; Rosell, J.; Ibañez, M.; Tadrist, L. Numerical Study of a Hybrid Jet Impingement/Micro-Channel Cooling Scheme. Appl. Eng. 2012, 33–34, 1.
  44. Barrau, J.; Perona, A.; Dollet, A.; Rosell, J. Outdoor Test of a Hybrid Jet Impingement/Micro-Channel Cooling Device for Densely Packed Concentrated Photovoltaic Cells. Sol. Energy 2014, 107, 113–121.
  45. Awad, M.; Radwan, A.; Abdelrehim, O.; Emam, M.; Shmroukh, A.N.; Ahmed, M. Performance Evaluation of Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems Integrated with a New Jet Impingement-Microchannel Heat Sink and Heat Spreader. Sol. Energy 2020, 199, 78.
  46. Barrau, J.; Rosell, J.; Chemisana, D.; Tadrist, L.; Ibañez, M. Effect of a Hybrid Jet Impingement/Micro-Channel Cooling Device on the Performance of Densely Packed PV Cells under High Concentration. Sol. Energy 2011, 85, 4.
  47. Han, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, L. Electrical and Thermal Performance of Silicon Concentrator Solar Cells Immersed in Dielectric Liquids. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 37.
  48. Mehrotra, S.; Rawat, P.; Debbarma, M.; Sudhakar, K. Performance of a Solar Panel with Water Immersion Cooling Technique. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 2014, 3, 1161–1172.
  49. Rawat, P.; Sudhakar, K. Performance Analysis of Partially Covered Photovoltaic Thermal Water Collector. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 2016, 5.
  50. Sun, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, L.; Yin, B.; Xiang, H.; Huang, Q. Direct Liquid-Immersion Cooling of Concentrator Silicon Solar Cells in a Linear Concentrating Photovoltaic Receiver. Energy 2014, 65, 264–271.
  51. Kang, X.; Wang, Y.; Huang, Q.; Cui, Y.; Shi, X.; Sun, Y. Study on Direct-Contact Phase-Change Liquid Immersion Cooling Dense-Array Solar Cells under High Concentration Ratios. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016, 128, 73.
  52. Xin, G.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Huang, Q.; Zhu, L. Experimental Study of Liquid-Immersion III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells with Dimethyl Silicon Oil under High Concentrations. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 94, 63.
  53. Farahani, S.D.; Alibeigi, M.; Zakinia, A.; Goodarzi, M. The Effect of Microchannel-Porous Media and Nanofluid on Temperature and Performance of CPV System. J. Anal. Calorim. 2021, 147, 7945–7962.
  54. Radwan, A.; Ookawara, S.; Ahmed, M. Analysis and Simulation of Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems with a Microchannel Heat Sink. Sol. Energy 2016, 136, 70.
  55. Soliman, A.M.A.; Hassan, H. Effect of Heat Spreader Size, Microchannel Configuration and Nanoparticles on the Performance of PV-Heat Spreader-Microchannels System. Sol. Energy 2019, 182, 59.
  56. Yang, K.; Zuo, C. A Novel Multi-Layer Manifold Microchannel Cooling System for Concentrating Photovoltaic Cells. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 89, 46.
  57. Sohel Murshed, S.M.; Nieto de Castro, C.A. A Critical Review of Traditional and Emerging Techniques and Fluids for Electronics Cooling. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 78, 821–833.
  58. Ghani, I.A.; Sidik, N.A.C.; Kamaruzaman, N. Hydrothermal Performance of Microchannel Heat Sink: The Effect of Channel Design. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2017, 107, 21–44.
  59. Bhandari, P.; Singh, J.; Kumar, K.; Ranakoti, L. A review on active techniques in microchannel heat sink for miniaturisation problem in electronic industry. Acta Innov. 2022, 2022, 45–54.
  60. Ganguly, S.; Sarkar, S.; Kumar Hota, T.; Mishra, M. Thermally Developing Combined Electroosmotic and Pressure-Driven Flow of Nanofluids in a Microchannel under the Effect of Magnetic Field. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 126, 60.
  61. Shit, G.C.; Mondal, A.; Sinha, A.; Kundu, P.K. Electro-Osmotically Driven MHD Flow and Heat Transfer in Micro-Channel. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 2016, 449, 8.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Energy & Fuels
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Khalifa Aliyu Ibrahim
,
Patrick Luk
,
Zhenhua Luo
View Times: 418
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 27 Mar 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback