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Topic Review
Quercetin as a Modulator of Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Qtn is a flavonoid, belonging to the flavonol group. Known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Qtn is proposed as a dietary supplement in antiaging and immunostimulant formulations. 
  • 713
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Monocytic HLA-DR Expression in Acute Pancreatitis and COVID-19
Acute pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease with increasing incidence worldwide. COVID-19 is a potentially life-threatening contagious disease spread throughout the world, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. More severe forms of both diseases exhibit commonalities with dysregulated immune responses resulting in amplified inflammation and susceptibility to infection. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, expressed on antigen-presenting cells, acts as an indicator of immune function. Research advances have highlighted the predictive values of monocytic HLA-DR (mHLA-DR) expression for disease severity and infectious complications in both acute pancreatitis and COVID-19 patients. 
  • 711
  • 25 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Permeability in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease that causes scarring and fibrotic transformation of the lung parenchyma, resulting in the progressive loss of respiratory function and, often, death. An increasing body of literature shows that pulmonary vascular permeability may play a big role in the pathogenesis of this condition. There is a search for therapeutic targets to try and modulate this vascular permeability in fibrotic lungs. One such class of targets that shows great promise is sphingolipids.
  • 711
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Fibromyalgia
Currently, all available therapies for the control and management of fibromyalgia (FM) are mostly focused on relieving patients’ symptoms and improving their quality of life. Thermal stress caused by cryostimulation induces an analgesic effect, improving pain, redox balance, and inflammatory symptoms in an exercise-mimicking fashion. In addition, it reduces the feeling of fatigue, improves mood, and reduces mental health deterioration with positive consequences on depressive states and improved sleep quality. 
  • 710
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Functional Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cancer Therapy
The conventional therapeutic approach is mainly based on chemotherapy, which has a series of side effects. Compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, nanoparticle-based delivery of anti-cancer drugs possesses a few attractive features. The application of nanotechnology in an interdisciplinary manner in the biomedical field has led to functional nanoparticles achieving much progress in cancer therapy. Nanoparticles have been involved in the diagnosis and targeted and personalized treatment of cancer. For example, different nano-drug strategies, including endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive, surface conjugation, and macromolecular encapsulation for nano-drug systems, have successfully prevented tumor procession.
  • 709
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Management  of Pediatric Testicular Tumors
Pediatric testicular tumors are rare and represent 1% to 2% of all solid tumors in children. Germ-cell tumors are the most frequent etiology; most are benign in the pre-pubertal population, whereas post-pubertal testicular tumors are similar to those that occur in adults, with potential malignancy. 
  • 709
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Monitoring Neurochemistry in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
In a traumatically injured brain, the cerebral microdialysis technique allows continuous sampling of fluid from the brain’s extracellular space. The retrieved brain fluid contains useful metabolites that indicate the brain’s energy state. Assessment of these metabolites along with other parameters, such as intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygenation, and cerebral perfusion pressure, may help inform clinical decision making, guide medical treatments, and aid in the prognostication of patient outcomes. Currently, brain metabolites are assayed on bedside analysers and results can only be achieved hourly. This is a major drawback because critical information within each hour is lost. To address this, recent advances have focussed on developing biosensing techniques for integration with microdialysis to achieve continuous online monitoring. 
  • 708
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
TRAIL-based Therapy for GBM
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) shows a promising therapeutic potential in cancer treatment as it exclusively causes apoptosis in a broad spectrum of cancer cells through triggering the extrinsic apoptosis pathway via binding to cognate death receptors, with negligible toxicity in normal cells. However, most cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), display TRAIL resistance, hindering its application in clinical practice. This entry is defined by some potential stratergies of applying TRAIL-based therapy via overriding resistance for GBM trearment.
  • 707
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oral Bacterial Microbiota in Digestive Cancer Patients
Oral microbiota dysbiosis and specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, appeared to be associated with colorectal cancers. 
  • 707
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Proteasome Allostery
Allostery fundamentally describes coordination and communication between distinct sites of a multipart and multifunctional protein, or riboprotein. The proteasome rivals the ribosome in size, compositional complexity, multiplicity of active sites and substrate interactions and its importance in the cellular economy. For both, the cellular consequences of its misregulation are grave. Like the ribosome, proteasomes must coordinate multiple active sites and undergo large scale conformational realignments that optimally position its components for enzymatic processing and to move substrates. The expectation that proteasomes utilize allostery is supported by two types of experimental data. The first consists of regulators that are substrates or their components. The second consists of RPs that exhibit cooperative binding to the pair of CP sites where they dock.
  • 707
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Vehicles for Drug Delivery
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a high tropism for the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors. The combination of nanoparticles in MSCs decreases tumor growth in vitro as well as in rodent models of cancers in vivo. Covalent conjugation of nanoparticles with the surface of MSCs can significantly increase the drug load delivery in tumor sites. Nanoparticle-based anti-angiogenic systems (gold, silica and silicates, diamond, silver, and copper) prevented tumor growth in vitro. For example, glycolic acid polyconjugates enhance nanoparticle drug delivery and have been reported in human MSCs. Labeling with fluorescent particles (coumarin-6 dye) identified tumor cells using fluorescence emission in tissues; the conjugation of different types of nanoparticles in MSCs ensured success and feasibility by tracking the migration and its intratumor detection using non-invasive imaging techniques. 
  • 706
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Nanoparticles as Platforms for Theranostic Purposes
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the first approved nanomedicines and the most well-studied class of nanocarriers for drug delivery. Currently, they are in the frontline of the pandemic fight as vaccine formulations and therapeutic products. However, even though they are so well-studied, new materials and new modifications arise every day that can improve their properties. Their dynamic nature, especially the liquid crystal state of membranes, is under constant investigation and it is that which many times leads to their complex biological behavior. In addition, newly discovered biomaterials and nanoparticles that possess promising effects and functionalities, but also toxicity and/or poor pharmacokinetics, can be combined with LNPs to ameliorate their properties.
  • 705
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Influencing Thrombosis
The leading causes of death in people with diabetes are strokes and cardiovascular disease. Significant morbidity is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, resulting in myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, along with the sequelae of these events, including loss of functional ability, heart failure, and amputations. While the increased platelet activity, pro-coagulability, and endothelial dysfunction directly impact this risk, the molecular mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk remain unclear.
  • 705
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Significant Cell Populations for Regenerative Skin Wound Therapies
Considerable progresses have been accomplished in cell biology fields, and the existing evidence has revealed the effectiveness of cell therapy for pathologic wounds. Transplantation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, platelets, and more recently, stem cells (SCs) can promote wound healing through de-novo synthesis, secretion, and release of a wide range of cell signaling molecules such as growth factors (GFs) and cytokines.
  • 704
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Perinatal Factors Disturbing MEX miR-Regulated β Cell Homeostasis
The perinatal period is a time of fast physiological changes dependent on epigenetic programming. Adverse events may lead to epigenetic changes, with implications for health and disease. Epigenetic alterations have been linked to early life environmental stressors, including mode of delivery, famine, psychosocial stress, severe institutional deprivation and childhood abuse. Recent evidence points to an intensive exosome cross-talk between pancreatic β-cells and towards β-cells by transmitted exosomes from adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, macrophages and T-lymphcytes. It is thus conceivable that milk exosomes (MEX) of human breast milk and their microRNA (miR) cargo also affect postnatal β-cells and promote their proliferation and mass expansion. Translational evidence indicates that human MEX miRs enhance mTORC1/c-Myc-driven β-cell proliferation. It is a matter of concern that maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, caesarean delivery and especially MEX-deficient infant formula feeding disturb physiological MEX miR signalling during the postnatal period thereby increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. In all mammals, MEX miR signalling fades after weaning. However, humans, who regularly consume pasteurized cow milk are continuously exposed to bioavailable bovine MEX miRs, which are identical in nucleotide sequence with human MEX miRs. Circumstantial evidence supports the view that bovine MEX miRs promote β-cell dedifferentiation back to the mTORC1-driven neonatal immature phenotype with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. MEX miR signalling, beneficial for the immature postnatal β-cell, turns into a pathogen for the mature adult β-cell. The human consumer should not be exposed to diabetogenic MEX and their miRs after the weaning period. Thus, the elimination of bovine MEX and their bioactive miRs is a promising approach for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and other MEX-related diseases of civilization.
  • 703
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Medulloblastoma Diagnosis
Medulloblastoma is a common malignant brain tumor in children. A recent paradigm shift in the diagnostics of medulloblastoma allowed the distinction of four major groups defined by genetic data rather than histology.
  • 701
  • 17 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Leptin in NAFLD
NAFLD is a worldwide health problem due to its increasing prevalence, so the research on its diagnosis, follow-up, and subsequent treatment has become essential. Moreover, NAFLD requires a multidisciplinary approach given its high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  • 700
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Gut–Vascular Barrier in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Diseases
The intestinal barrier, with its multiple layers, is the first line of defense between the outside world and the intestine. Its disruption, resulting in increased intestinal permeability, is a recognized pathogenic factor of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. The identification of a gut–vascular barrier (GVB), consisting of a structured endothelium below the epithelial layer, has led to new evidence on the etiology and management of diseases of the gut–liver axis and the gut–brain axis, with recent implications in oncology as well. The gut–brain axis is involved in several neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, the recent description of a choroid plexus vascular barrier regulating brain permeability under conditions of gut inflammation identifies the endothelium as a key regulator in maintaining tissue homeostasis and health.
  • 700
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Activity of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase
The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) alias mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase 12 (MAP3K12) has gained much attention. DLK belongs to the mixed lineage kinases, characterized by homology to serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase, but exerts serine/threonine kinase activity. DLK has been implicated in many diseases, including several neurodegenerative diseases, glaucoma, and diabetes mellitus. As a MAP3K, it is generally assumed that DLK becomes phosphorylated and activated by upstream signals and phosphorylates and activates itself, the downstream serine/threonine MAP2K, and, ultimately, MAPK. In addition, other mechanisms such as protein–protein interactions, proteasomal degradation, dephosphorylation by various phosphatases, palmitoylation, and subcellular localization have been shown to be involved in the regulation of DLK activity or its fine-tuning.
  • 700
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Atypical Femoral Fractures Related to Bisphosphonate Treatment
Atypical femoral fractures (AFF) are rare fragility fractures in the subtrocantheric or diaphysis femoral region associated with long-term bisphosphonate (BP) treatment. The etiology of AFF is still unclear even though a genetic basis is suggested. 
  • 697
  • 07 Feb 2022
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