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Topic Review
ID-Based Encryption
ID-based encryption, or identity-based encryption (IBE), is an important primitive of ID-based cryptography. As such it is a type of public-key encryption in which the public key of a user is some unique information about the identity of the user (e.g. a user's email address). This means that a sender who has access to the public parameters of the system can encrypt a message using e.g. the text-value of the receiver's name or email address as a key. The receiver obtains its decryption key from a central authority, which needs to be trusted as it generates secret keys for every user. ID-based encryption was proposed by Adi Shamir in 1984. He was however only able to give an instantiation of identity-based signatures. Identity-based encryption remained an open problem for many years. The pairing-based Boneh–Franklin scheme and Cocks's encryption scheme based on quadratic residues both solved the IBE problem in 2001.
  • 789
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Universal Photonic Biosensors, Emerging Pathogens
To provide resiliency against pandemics, new types of universal biosensors that can be rapidly adapted and deployed on a large scale for the detection of new pathogens and new variants of known pathogens and exhibit real-time detection with LOD as low as a few target molecules need to be developed. Photonic biosensors, which provide optical signal amplification and can be mass-produced by existing semiconductor foundries, offer a promising platform, which is in principle amenable to multiplexing with spectroscopic and electrochemical detection techniques. However, to reach sub-fM detection levels, photonic biosensors typically have had to be engineered to support ultra-high-Q trapped modes.
  • 788
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lexicographical Order
In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, dictionary order, alphabetical order or lexicographic(al) product) is a generalization of the way words are alphabetically ordered based on the alphabetical order of their component letters. This generalization consists primarily in defining a total order on the sequences (often called strings in computer science) of elements of a finite totally ordered set, often called an alphabet. There are several variants and generalizations of the lexicographical ordering. One variant widely used in combinatorics orders subsets of a given finite set by assigning a total order to the finite set, and converting subsets into increasing sequences, to which the lexicographical order is applied. Another generalization defines an order on a Cartesian product of partially ordered sets; this order is a total order if and only if the factors of the Cartesian product are totally ordered.
  • 788
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MEMMAKER
This article presents a list of commands used by DOS operating systems, especially as used on x86-based IBM PC compatibles (PCs). Other DOS operating systems are not part of the scope of this list. In DOS, many standard system commands were provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands were built into the command interpreter, others existed as external commands on disk. Over the several generations of DOS, commands were added for the additional functions of the operating system. In the current Microsoft Windows operating system, a text-mode command prompt window, cmd.exe, can still be used.
  • 788
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) is a longitudinal study that collects multidisciplinary data from a representative sample of the English population aged 50 and older to look at all aspects of aging in England . The study started in 2002 and there are currently 9 waves of completed data and a tenth wave is currently being collected. The survey data are designed to be used for the investigation of a broad set of topics relevant to understanding the ageing process. Both objective and subjective data are collected covering themes such as health trajectories, disability and healthy life expectancy, the determinants of economic position in older age; the links between economic position, physical health, cognition and mental health; the nature and timing of retirement and post-retirement, labour market activity; household and family structure, social networks and social supports; patterns, determinants and consequences of social, civic and cultural participation and predictors of well-being. ELSA is led by Professor Andrew Steptoe and is jointly run by teams at University College London (UCL), the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), National Centre for Social Research, University of Manchester and the University of East Anglia.
  • 787
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Escape Rooms in STEM Education
The traditional lecture-based model of teaching and learning has led to the exploration of innovative approaches including digital escape rooms. Digital escape rooms offer an immersive and engaging experience that promotes critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork, making them a unique opportunity to address the challenges of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, which is often perceived as difficult, boring, and intimidating.
  • 777
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Hosts (File)
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984, automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
  • 777
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Accessible Higher-Education: A Framework for Continuous Improvement
The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) forced educational institutions to move their programs to the virtual world, revealing needs such as the lack of accessibility of online resources and content. In this context, the Erasmus+ project "Technological Assistance to Accessibility in Virtual Higher Education (EduTech)”, proposed tools and knowledge focused on improving accessibility in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). In this article, a framework that integrates all the findings of the EduTech project is presented. The proposed framework is aimed at facilitating the adoption of good practices related to technological accessibility in HEI. The framework considers the limitations and needs of the institutions in terms of governance and resources for improving accessibility. The framework was adopted by four Latin American HEIs to establish a continuous improvement strategy according to their needs and current level of accessibility focus. This research also shows the results and suggests that the proposal is adaptable to the needs of HEIs, allowing its implementation regardless of their organizational structure and their current level of attention to accessibility.
  • 775
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Google App Engine
Google App Engine (often referred to as GAE or simply App Engine) is a cloud computing platform as a service for developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed data centers. Applications are sandboxed and run across multiple servers. App Engine offers automatic scaling for web applications—as the number of requests increases for an application, App Engine automatically allocates more resources for the web application to handle the additional demand. Google App Engine primarily supports Go, PHP, Java, Python, Node.js, .NET, and Ruby applications, although it can also support other languages via "custom runtimes". The service is free up to a certain level of consumed resources and only in standard environment but not in flexible environment. Fees are charged for additional storage, bandwidth, or instance hours required by the application. It was first released as a preview version in April 2008 and came out of preview in September 2011.
  • 775
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Retraction
A retraction is a public statement made about an earlier statement that withdraws, cancels, refutes, or reverses the original statement or ceases and desists from publishing the original statement.
  • 774
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of On-demand Music Streaming Services
The following is a list of on-demand music streaming services. The services offer streaming of full-length content via the Internet as a part of their service, without the listener necessarily purchasing a file for download. This type of service is comparable to Internet radio. Many of these sites have advertising and offer non-free options in the style of an online music store. For a list of online music stores that provide a means of purchasing and downloading music as files of some sort, see: Comparison of online music stores. Many of both types of sites offer services similar to an online music database.
  • 773
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Logman
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others.
  • 772
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Recommendations for Integrating P300-based BCI
The integration of a P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) into virtual reality (VR) environments is promising for the video games industry. However, it faces several limitations, mainly due to hardware constraints and limitations engendered by the stimulation needed by the BCI. The main restriction is still the low transfer rate that can be achieved by current BCI technology, preventing movement while using VR. Adventure and simulation games, appear to be the best candidates for designing an effective VR game enriched by BCI technology.
  • 771
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Formal Methods in Healthcare: Improving Safety and Reliability
This research explores the use of formal methods in healthcare, a set of mathematical techniques that provide a rigorous and systematic approach to the design, development, and verification of healthcare systems. The research discusses various types of formal methods and their applications in healthcare, as well as examples of dangerous healthcare accidents that could have been prevented using formal methods. The research also covers the achievements and challenges of using formal methods in healthcare, as well as future directions for research and development in this area. The research concludes that the use of formal methods in healthcare has the potential to improve the safety and reliability of healthcare systems, potentially saving lives and improving the quality of healthcare delivery.
  • 771
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
CHICKEN (Scheme Implementation)
CHICKEN is a compiler and interpreter for the Scheme programming language that compiles Scheme code to standard C. It is mostly R5RS compliant and offers many extensions to the standard. The newer R7RS standard is supported through an extension library. CHICKEN is free software available under the BSD license. It is implemented mostly in Scheme, with some parts in C for performance or to make embedding into C programs easier.
  • 768
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vaccine and Variant-modified Covid-19 Trajectories
Covid-19 transmission in US and UK have diverged 1.73 times faster than predicted by recursion models after November 2020. Transmission follows a 20% infection rate compared to the previous 10% rate, attributed to a more contagious variant of covid-19. The effect of vaccination on covid-19 trajectory is analysed for US data. Modelling indicates case numbers continue to rise for some time after vaccination.
  • 762
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Decision Intelligence
Decision intelligence is an engineering discipline that augments data science with theory from social science, decision theory, and managerial science. Its application provides a framework for best practices in organizational decision-making and processes for applying machine learning at scale. The basic idea is that decisions are based on our understanding of how actions lead to outcomes. Decision intelligence is a discipline for analyzing this chain of cause-and-effect, and decision modeling is a visual language for representing these chains.
  • 759
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Packard Bell Statesman
The Packard Bell Statesman was an economy line of notebook computers introduced in 1993 by Packard Bell. They were slower in performance and lacked features compared to most competitor products, but they were lower in price. It was created in a collaboration between Packard Bell and Zenith Data Systems. The Statesman series was essentially a rebrand of Zenith Data Systems Z-Star 433 series, with the only notable difference of the logo in the middle and text on the front bezel.
  • 757
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Landrush Period
A landrush period is the time during which domain names are available for registration, usually to a closed group (usually through a premium price), to entities that do not own a trademark in the name they wish to register, for example generic terms like loan or car, and thus would not qualify for registration during the sunrise period. Orders may or may not be treated on a first-come-first-served basis. This period follows the sunrise period just after the launch of a new top-level domain or second-level domain during which, for example, owners of trademarks may register a domain name containing the owned mark, but a landrush period precedes a period of general availability, when any qualifying entity can register any name on a first come first-served basis.
  • 756
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Trinity: Souls of Zill O’ll
Trinity: Souls of Zill O’ll, known in Japan as Trinity: Zill O'll Zero (トリニティ ジルオール ゼロ, Toriniti Jiru Ōru Zero), is an action fantasy role-playing video game developed by Omega Force, set in part of the Zill O'll series, which had previously appeared on PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. The game is a prequel, taking place five years before the events in Zill O'll. Downloadable content that included additional quests and alternate costumes for the main party was released exclusively in Japan.
  • 754
  • 27 Oct 2022
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