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Topic Review
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania that can be lethal if not treated. VL is caused by Leishmania donovani in Asia and in Eastern Africa, where the pathogens’ reservoir is represented by humans, and by Leishmania infantum in Latin America and in the Mediterranean area, where VL is a zoonotic disease and dog is the main reservoir. 
  • 714
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
miRNA-Based Therapy for Oncogenic Viruses
Approximately 20% of all cases of human cancer are caused by viral infections. Although a great number of viruses are capable of causing a wide range of tumors in animals, only seven of these viruses have been linked to human malignancies and are presently classified as oncogenic viruses. These include the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is possible that virally encoded microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ideal non-immunogenic tools for viruses, play a significant role in carcinogenic processes. 
  • 714
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV), and it is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, the virus is usually transmitted via the fecal–oral route, principally via contaminated water. Chronic hepatitis E (CHE) has been identified as associated with chronic liver damage induced by HEV genotypes 3, 4, and 7—usually in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. In addition, patients infected with HIV and those receiving chemotherapy for malignancy, along with patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19, have been reported as having CHE. 
  • 714
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Piperacillin–Tazobactam Plus Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Numerous observational studies and meta-analyses have suggested that combination therapy consisting of piperacillin–tazobactam (TZP) and vancomycin (VAN) augments acute kidney injury (AKI) risk when compared to viable alternatives, such as cefepime–vancomycin (FEP–VAN) and meropenem–VAN.
  • 709
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Tuberculosis Management
Managing pediatric tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem requiring urgent and long-lasting solutions as TB is one of the top ten causes of ill health and death in children as well as adolescents universally. Minors are particularly susceptible to this severe illness that can be fatal post-infection or even serve as reservoirs for future disease outbreaks
  • 706
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. 
  • 706
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Emergency Department
Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in antibiotic consumption and minimizing multi-drug-resistant bacterium development, the characteristics of emergency departments pose a challenge to their implementation. The inclusion of rapid diagnostic tests, tracking microbiological results upon discharge, conducting audits with feedback, and implementing multimodal educational interventions have proven to be effective tools for optimizing antibiotic use in these units.
  • 706
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C
Cure of HCV infection is defined by the achievement of the sustained virological response (SVR), i.e., undetectable HCV-RNA in the serum of patients 12 or 24 weeks after the end of antiviral treatment; this surrogate end point has been validated by observing the very low rate of post-SVR relapse and is also a surrogate marker of improved liver-related morbidity and mortality.
  • 705
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Leverage Non-Human Primate Data to Facilitate Ebolavirus Vaccine
The Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group (FANG), has been established to support the development of biodefense medical countermeasures (MCMs). As both vaccines and therapeutics are licensed using “non-traditional pathways”, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Animal Rule (AR), non-human primate (NHP) models and associated assays have been developed and standardized across BSL4 testing sites to evaluate candidate products. Vaccine candidates are evaluated using these NHP models, and through this public–private partnership, a meta-analysis of NHP control data has been conducted and submitted to the FDA as a master file. As a result, animal use can be minimized and the duplication of effort avoided, thus reducing the amount of time needed to conduct additional studies, as well as the cost of vaccine candidate development. 
  • 705
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
Total joint arthroplasty is a common restorative surgery. Arthroplasty failure is a major complication of joint replacement surgery. It can be caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or non-infectious etiologies, and often requires surgical intervention and (in select scenarios) resection and reimplantation of implanted devices. Fast and accurate diagnosis of PJI and non-infectious arthroplasty failure (NIAF) is critical to direct medical and surgical treatment.
  • 705
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plitidepsin: profile & anti-SARS-CoV-2 implications
Current standard treatment of COVID-19 lacks in effective antiviral options. Plitidepsin, a cyclic depsipeptide authorized in Australia for patients with refractory multiple myeloma, has recently emerged as a candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent.
  • 704
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Buruli Ulcers
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule or nodule that gradually develops into a large ulcer that can cause substantial impairment, damaging soft tissues and even bones.
  • 704
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Built Environment Characteristics and SARS-CoV-2
According to the socioecological framework, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is affected by multilevel factors, such as individual (e.g., sex, age, and attitudes), behavioural (e.g., mobility and social interaction), social environment (e.g., family and friends), built environment, natural environment (air pollution, humid, and temperature), community (e.g., norms of wearing masks), and public policy (e.g., social distancing measures) factors. These multilevel factors may interact with each other and make the impact of the built environment on infection risk more complex. Therefore, it is necessary to control such covariates or to investigate the interactions between the built environment and the social environment in future studies.
  • 701
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Treating Chronic Pain of COVID-19
Careful triage of patients is mandatory in order to avoid overcrowding of hospital spaces. Telemedicine could represent a promising tool to replace in-person visits and as a screening tool prior to admitting patients to hospitals. Opioid medications can affect the immune response, and therefore, care should be taken prior to initiating new treatments and increasing dosages. Epidural steroids should be avoided or limited to the lowest effective dose. Non urgent interventional procedures such as spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal pumps should be postponed. The use of personal protective equipment and disinfectants represent an important component of the strategy to prevent viral spread to operators and cross-infection between patients due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. 
  • 701
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of β-Lactams in Management of Anaerobic Infections
Anaerobic bacteria are normal inhabitants of the human commensal microbiota and play an important role in various human infections. β-lactam antibiotics are considered one of the drugs of choice in the management of anaerobic infections. This is due to their broad spectrum of activity, low toxicity, and continued efficacy against almost all anaerobic species, especially when used in combination with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLI) or carbapenems.
  • 700
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Technology-Enabled Health Interventions for Adolescents with HIV
Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) are challenged to remain adherent and engaged in HIV care. Technology-enabled interventions can be used to optimize healthcare delivery to adolescents. The largest proportion of ALHIV resides in sub-Saharan Africa. There is weak evidence that technology-enabled health interventions for ALHIV in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) improve treatment outcomes. However, most interventions appear to be acceptable and feasible. 
  • 699
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity
Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18–24 months.
  • 699
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Compounds Targeting Entamoeba histolytica and Its Biological Membrane
Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. 
  • 698
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid
Licorice, a natural medicine derived from the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species, possesses a wide range of therapeutic applications, including antiviral properties. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG) is the active metabolite of GL. GL and its metabolites have a wide range of antiviral activities against viruses, such as, the hepatitis virus, herpes virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and so on.
  • 698
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Coronavirus Knowledge Graph
This entry builds a coronavirus knowledge graph (KG) by merging two information sources. The first source is Analytical Graph (AG), which integrates more than 20 different public datasets related to drug discovery. The second source is CORD-19, a collection of published scientific articles related to COVID-19. We combined both chemo genomic entities in AG with entities extracted from CORD-19 to expand knowledge in the COVID-19 domain. Before populating KG with those entities, we perform entity disambiguation on CORD-19 collections using Wikidata. Our newly built KG contains at least 21,700 genes, 2500 diseases, 94,000 phenotypes, and other biological entities (e.g., compound, species, and cell lines). We define 27 relationship types and use them to label each edge in our KG. This research presents two cases to evaluate the KG’s usability: analyzing a subgraph (ego-centered network) from the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and revealing paths between biological entities (hydroxychloroquine and IL-6 receptor; chloroquine and STAT1). The ego-centered network captured information related to COVID-19. We also found significant COVID-19-related information in top-ranked paths with a depth of three based on our path evaluation. 
  • 697
  • 05 Aug 2021
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