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Topic Review
Tools for Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen of pigs that can cause infections in humans who are in close contact with infected animals and/or contaminated pork-derived products, as well as those who have consumed raw pork products. Several molecular methods have been applied to investigate S. suis strain diversity and identify phylogenetic groups. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), commonly used to differentiate between S. suis strains, has been instrumental in identifying that the species is genetically highly diverse. Recent advances in whole-genome analysis have resulted in schemes permitting the classification of S. suis populations as pathogenic or non-pathogenic, or disease-associated or non-disease associated. 
  • 414
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Infections in DNA Repair Defects
DNA repair defects are rare heterogeneous conditions typically present with an increased risk of cancer, accelerated aging, and defects in the development of various organs and systems. The immune system can be affected in a subset of these disorders leading to susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity. Infections in DNA repair defects may occur due to primary defects in T, B, or NK cells and other factors such as anatomic defects, neurologic disorders, or during chemotherapy. 
  • 414
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The accurate and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment strategies and preventing the spread of resistant strains.
  • 414
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Vitamin D in Tuberculosis
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), that remains one of the world’s top infectious killers with 1.5 million deaths from TB in 2021. Vitamin D suppresses the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance.
  • 411
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Boosters, Immunosenescence and Vaccinces of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic appears to be slowly diminishing with the passage of time with enhancement of preventive and therapeutic strategies, like social distancing, good hand washing, and use of antimicrobial mouth rinses. However, evolving clinical research and observations have resulted in additional recognized systemic manifestations, including but not necessarily limited to multiple organ dysfunction, hypercoagulation, acute lung injury, and multi-organ failure, including the kidneys and heart. These systemic complications associated with COVID-19 may have lingering effects with long haul COVID patients. Immunosenescense may limit the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and contribute to “breakthrough infections” despite vaccinations. Vaccines and boosters against SARS-CoV-2 and optimal systemic and oral health may prevent the spread of COVID-19 and increase survival. Current data for appropriate booster intervals is contingent on existing, recognized risk factors of vaccinated patients coupled with rate and extent of immunosenescense. 
  • 410
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Aspergillus in Lung Transplant Recipients
Fungal infections are a significant source of morbidity in the lung transplant population via direct allograft damage and predisposing patients to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to limit allograft damage.  Aspergillus is among one of the most common sources of fungal infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR).
  • 409
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C
Cure of HCV infection is defined by the achievement of the sustained virological response (SVR), i.e., undetectable HCV-RNA in the serum of patients 12 or 24 weeks after the end of antiviral treatment; this surrogate end point has been validated by observing the very low rate of post-SVR relapse and is also a surrogate marker of improved liver-related morbidity and mortality.
  • 409
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Infections in Acute Care Surgery
The burden of infections in acute care surgery (ACS) is huge. Surgical emergencies alone account for three million admissions per year in the United States (US) with estimated financial costs of USD 28 billion per year. Acute care facilities and ACS patients represent boost sanctuaries for the emergence, development and transmission of infections and multi-resistant organisms.
  • 406
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nasal Nanovaccines for SARS-CoV-2
A vaccine-based nanoparticle (NP) delivery vehicle is the inoculum to deliver an antigen in vivo. The nanovaccine has been a novel vaccine delivery platform in recent years. NPs function as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response and the effect of cross-reactivity. Functional NPs in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include promoting cell uptake of antigens, protecting antigens, and fully mimicking pathogens (like nano-virus). NPs are mainly divided into four categories: polysaccharide NPs; lipid NPs and protein NPs; Nano-biomimetic delivery vehicles; polymer NPs
  • 404
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
How to Identify Invasive Candidemia in ICU
The incidence of invasive fungal infection in ICUs has increased over time, and Candida spp. is the most common cause. Critical care patients are a particular set of patients with a higher risk of invasive fungal infections; this population is characterized by extensive use of medical devices such as central venous lines, arterial lines, bladder catheters, hemodialysis and mechanical intubation. Blood cultures are the gold standard diagnosis; still, they are not an early diagnostic technique. Mannan, anti-mannan antibody, 1,3-β-D-glucan, Candida albicans germ tube antibody, Vitek 2, PNA-FISH, MALDI-TOF, PCR and T2Candida panel are diagnostic promising microbiological assays. Scoring systems are tools to distinguish patients with low and high risk of infection. They can be combined with diagnostic tests to select patients for pre-emptive treatment or antifungal discontinuation.
  • 404
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Streptococcosis
Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development.
  • 400
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes Inhibitors
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical protein in the activation of the immune system in response to DNA. It can participate the inflammatory response process by modulating the inflammation-preferred translation program through the STING-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eIF2α pathway or by inducing the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) and a variety of proinflammatory factors through the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. 
  • 400
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Viral Infection
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cancer progression.
  • 398
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hyperbaric Oxygen in Restoring Host Homeostasis
Sepsis and septic shock continue to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis was previously thought to be an overwhelming, systemic, proinflammatory response to infection, which was followed by a phase of immunosuppression. New paradigms suggest that the proinflammatory and immunosuppression phases occurs simultaneously, and the pathophysiology begind the disease complex is not only explained by the pathogen’s type, load and virulence, but to a large extend also by host’s dysregulated response to infection. Many of these dysregulated host immune responses that occurs in sepsis are also targets of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment. HBO2 treatment has been shown to improve survival in clinical studies on patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections as well as experimental sepsis models. Inflammation and oxygen-sensing pathways are connected on the cellular level in a self-reinforcing and detrimental manner in inflammatory conditions, which may be interrupted when intervening with HBO2 treatment. HBO2 treatment acts to maintain homeostasis by protecting the host from collateral tissue damage during resistance to infection by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps, inhibiting neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and halting the Warburg effect, while also aiding the host in tolerance to infection by reducing iron-mediated injury and upregulating anti-inflammatory measures.
  • 398
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Infective Endocarditis in the Elderly
The term “elderly” corresponds to different ages in the literature, but it is defined by considerable comorbidity and heterogeneity. Cancer incidence, specifically colorectal cancer, is increased in older patients with IE and impacts its outcome. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) in elderly patients is challenging due to the atypical presentation of the disease and the lower performance of imaging studies. Enterococcal etiology is more frequent than in younger patients. 
  • 396
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immunobridging of Animal and Human Data
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule was devised to facilitate approval of candidate vaccines and therapeutics using animal survival data when human efficacy studies are not practical or ethical. This regulatory pathway is critical for candidates against pathogens with high case fatality rates that prohibit human challenge trials, as well as candidates with low and sporadic incidences of outbreaks that make human field trials difficult. Important components of a vaccine development plan for Animal Rule licensure are the identification of an immune correlate of protection and immunobridging to humans. The relationship of vaccine-induced immune responses to survival after vaccination and challenge must be established in validated animal models and then used to infer predictive vaccine efficacy in humans via immunobridging.
  • 395
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. 
  • 393
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV), and it is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, the virus is usually transmitted via the fecal–oral route, principally via contaminated water. Chronic hepatitis E (CHE) has been identified as associated with chronic liver damage induced by HEV genotypes 3, 4, and 7—usually in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. In addition, patients infected with HIV and those receiving chemotherapy for malignancy, along with patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19, have been reported as having CHE. 
  • 392
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Infectious Tattoo-Related Side Effects
Tattooing is the procedure of implanting permanent pigment granules and additives into the dermal layer of the skin, serving various purposes such as decoration, medical identification, or accidental markings. There has been a significant rise in the popularity of decorative tattooing as a form of body art among both teenagers and young adults. Thus, the incidence of tattoos is increasing, with expanding applications such as permanent makeup, scar camouflage, nipple–areola, lips, and eyebrows tattooing, and utilization in oncological radiotherapy such as colon marking. However, there have been reported a broad range of adverse reactions linked to tattooing, encompassing allergic reactions, superficial and deep cutaneous infections, autoimmune disorders induced by the Koebner phenomenon, cutaneous tumors, and others.
  • 392
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Rapid Methods for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) straightaway showed its tendency to mutate and adapt to the host, culminating in the emergence of variants; so it immediately became of crucial importance to be able to detect them quickly but also to be able to monitor in depth the changes on the whole genome to early identify the new possibly emerging variants.
  • 391
  • 29 Sep 2022
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