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Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rhinologic Manifestation
Many researchers have reported that the nasal cavity is an important initial route for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the spike protein of this virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on epithelial cell surfaces. Therefore, COVID-19 is thought to significantly affect nasal symptoms and various rhinological diseases. 
  • 748
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Light as a Cure in COVID-19
The history of the use of light in modern medicine dates to the early 1900s, when Finsen reported significant recoveries of smallpox patients exposed to red light compared to unexposed controls. Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science". The exceptional demonstrations of N.R. Finsen have inaugurated a new stage in contemporary medicine regarding the effectiveness of light therapies, followed by implementing new laser technologies after Endre Mester incidentally detected the positive effect of a ruby laser beam on hair growth and wound healing in mice. Originally called Low Level Light/Laser Therapy (LLLT), nowadays, photobiomodulation (PBM) is a modality that consists of projecting light to influence the activity of living cells, tissues, and even the entire organism to stimulate the immune system, promote tissue repair, advance healing, decrease inflammation, and control pain.
  • 748
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
Total joint arthroplasty is a common restorative surgery. Arthroplasty failure is a major complication of joint replacement surgery. It can be caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or non-infectious etiologies, and often requires surgical intervention and (in select scenarios) resection and reimplantation of implanted devices. Fast and accurate diagnosis of PJI and non-infectious arthroplasty failure (NIAF) is critical to direct medical and surgical treatment.
  • 748
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity
Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18–24 months.
  • 745
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Streptococcosis
Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development.
  • 743
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Built Environment Characteristics and SARS-CoV-2
According to the socioecological framework, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is affected by multilevel factors, such as individual (e.g., sex, age, and attitudes), behavioural (e.g., mobility and social interaction), social environment (e.g., family and friends), built environment, natural environment (air pollution, humid, and temperature), community (e.g., norms of wearing masks), and public policy (e.g., social distancing measures) factors. These multilevel factors may interact with each other and make the impact of the built environment on infection risk more complex. Therefore, it is necessary to control such covariates or to investigate the interactions between the built environment and the social environment in future studies.
  • 739
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Emerging HEPATITIS Caused by Suspected Adenovirus
In October 2021, a case of acute hepatic failure without any known cause was identified in the United States of America. Upon further investigation, other children aged 1–6 years were reported to have the same liver failure, and some of them were positive for adenovirus 41 type F. On 21 April 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an alert after 74 cases were identified in United Kingdom (UK) between 5 and 8 April in children below 10 years of age, some of whom were also found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. All the patients showed symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and abdominal pain. The patients’ liver enzymes were remarkably increased. A total of 650 cases had been reported from 33 countries as of 27 May 2022, among which 222 cases were reported in the UK alone. No connection with SARS-CoV-2 or its vaccine has been found so far.
  • 739
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Piperacillin–Tazobactam Plus Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Numerous observational studies and meta-analyses have suggested that combination therapy consisting of piperacillin–tazobactam (TZP) and vancomycin (VAN) augments acute kidney injury (AKI) risk when compared to viable alternatives, such as cefepime–vancomycin (FEP–VAN) and meropenem–VAN.
  • 739
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in the Eradication of Foodborne Bacterial Biofilms
Biofilms enable pathogenic bacteria to survive in unfavorable environments. As biofilm-forming pathogens can cause rapid food spoilage and recurrent infections in humans, especially their presence in the food industry is problematic. Using chemical disinfectants in the food industry to prevent biofilm formation raises serious health concerns. Further, the ability of biofilm-forming bacterial pathogens to tolerate disinfection procedures questions the traditional treatment methods. Thus, there is a dire need for alternative treatment options targeting bacterial pathogens, especially biofilms. As clean-label products without carcinogenic and hazardous potential, natural compounds with growth and biofilm-inhibiting and biofilm-eradicating potentials have gained popularity as natural preservatives in the food industry. However, the use of these natural preservatives in the food industry is restricted by their poor availability, stability during food processing and storage. Also there is a lack of standardization, and unattractive organoleptic qualities. Nanotechnology is one way to get around these limitations and as well as the use of underutilized bioactives. The use of nanotechnology has several advantages including traversing the biofilm matrix, targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability, bioactivity, and stability. The nanoparticles used in fabricating or encapsulating natural products are considered as an appealing antibiofilm strategy since the nanoparticles enhance the activity of the natural products against biofilms of foodborne bacterial pathogens. 
  • 738
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Tuberculosis Management
Managing pediatric tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem requiring urgent and long-lasting solutions as TB is one of the top ten causes of ill health and death in children as well as adolescents universally. Minors are particularly susceptible to this severe illness that can be fatal post-infection or even serve as reservoirs for future disease outbreaks
  • 737
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers during COVID-19
As the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 19) pandemic spreads worldwide, the massive numbers of COVID-19 patients have created a considerable healthcare burden for every country. The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection is broad, ranging from asymptomatic to mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Most COVID-19 patients present with no or mild symptoms, but nearly one-fifth of all patients develop severe or life-threatening complications. In addition to localized respiratory manifestations, severe COVID-19 cases also show extra-pulmonary complications or induce multiorgan failure. Identifying, triaging, and treating patients at risk early is essential and urgent. Biomarkers are measurable biochemical substances used to recognize and indicate disease severity or response to therapeutic interventions. The information they provide is objective and suitable for delivering healthcare providers with a means of stratifying disease state in COVID-19 patients. 
  • 736
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of serious healthcare-associated infections, leading to high morbidity and mortality. This opportunistic pathogen is responsible for various infectious diseases, such as those seen in cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection, otitis externa, and burn and wound injuries. Due to its relatively large genome, P. aeruginosa has great diversity and can use various molecular mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. 
  • 736
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
β-Lactam-β-Lactamase Inhibitor Agents against Gram-Negative Bacteria in Neonates
Antimicrobial resistance has become a significant public health problem globally with multidrug resistant Gram negative (MDR-GN) bacteria being the main representatives. The emergence of these pathogens in neonatal settings threatens the well-being of the vulnerable neonatal population given the dearth of safe and effective therapeutic options. Evidence from studies mainly in adults is now available for several novel antimicrobial compounds, such as new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., ceftazidime–avibactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, imipenem/cilastatin–relebactam), although old antibiotics such as colistin, tigecycline, and fosfomycin are also encompassed in the fight against MDR-GN infections that remain challenging.
  • 735
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan in Localized Antimicrobial Therapy
Chitosan is one of the most studied natural origin polymers for biomedical applications. Chitosan offers the opportunity to prolong the formulation residence time at mucosal sites; its wound healing properties open possibilities to utilize chitosan in wound dressings with multitargeted activities and more. Chitosan's role in localized antimicrobial therapy is recently gaining increased attention. 
  • 730
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oils
The essential oils and their components, such as terpenes, and/or phenols, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It is demonstrated that some essential oils may increase the number of immunocompetent cells, including PMNs, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Allium sativum essential oil and some of its organosulfur components are shown to have a positive effect on macrophage phagocytosis and can activate macrophage chemotaxis, human neutrophil responses with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lymphocyte proliferation. Eucalyptus essential oil also shows the same properties of stimulating phagocytosis by macrophages. On the other hand, “Roman coriander” (Nigella sativa L., Ranunculaceae) essential oil has not been found to have any beneficial or detrimental effects on neutrophil activities.
  • 730
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of β-Lactams in Management of Anaerobic Infections
Anaerobic bacteria are normal inhabitants of the human commensal microbiota and play an important role in various human infections. β-lactam antibiotics are considered one of the drugs of choice in the management of anaerobic infections. This is due to their broad spectrum of activity, low toxicity, and continued efficacy against almost all anaerobic species, especially when used in combination with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLI) or carbapenems.
  • 730
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Compounds Targeting Entamoeba histolytica and Its Biological Membrane
Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. 
  • 728
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Treating Chronic Pain of COVID-19
Careful triage of patients is mandatory in order to avoid overcrowding of hospital spaces. Telemedicine could represent a promising tool to replace in-person visits and as a screening tool prior to admitting patients to hospitals. Opioid medications can affect the immune response, and therefore, care should be taken prior to initiating new treatments and increasing dosages. Epidural steroids should be avoided or limited to the lowest effective dose. Non urgent interventional procedures such as spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal pumps should be postponed. The use of personal protective equipment and disinfectants represent an important component of the strategy to prevent viral spread to operators and cross-infection between patients due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. 
  • 727
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccinations
Vaccination, in general, is effective in protecting high-risk populations against severe COVID-19 infections and COVID-19-associated mortality. A summary of special population groups with regards to their features, prognosis of infection, and vaccination decision based on current evidence is listed in. Patients without contraindications should be prioritized for vaccination under the careful supervision of healthcare workers after balancing the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
  • 726
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pandrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has come into sight as a serious global threat. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and their main representatives Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are ranked in the highest priority category for new treatments.
  • 726
  • 31 Oct 2022
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