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Topic Review
Free-Space Optical Communication
Fast communication is of high importance. Recently, increased data demand and crowded radio frequency spectrum have become crucial issues. Free-Space Optical Communication (FSOC) has diametrically changed the way people exchange information. As an alternative to wire communication systems, it allows efficient voice, video, and data transmission using a medium like air. Due to its large bandwidth, FSOC can be used in various applications and has therefore become an important part of our everyday life. The main advantages of FSOC are a high speed, cost savings, compact structures, low power, energy efficiency, a maximal transfer capacity, and applicability. The rapid development of the high-speed connection technology allows one to reduce the repair downtime and gives the ability to quickly establish a backup network in an emergency. Unfortunately, FSOC is susceptible to disruption due to atmospheric conditions or direct sunlight. Here, we briefly discuss Free-Space Optical Communication from mirrors and optical telegraphs to modern wireless systems and outline the future development directions of optical communication.
  • 13.1K
  • 11 Nov 2020
Topic Review
LifePower
LifePower, (LP), is an Applied Spiritual Philosophy that attempts to improve the lives of people whilst focusing on the personal life span, using and applying a variety of tools and exercises. LP focuses on the power of the self, in the relief of suffering from past traumatic experiences and seeks to meet a high level of consciousness, communication and serenity. It consists of several techniques as well as practices, called “drills” and draws on so-called 'Listening Processes'. The LP philosophy´ was founded and created by Dani Lemberger after he studied in-depth general philosophies on life, self and existence which in combination with studying Ron Hubbard´s philosophy, led him to develop the LifePower philosophy. LifePower focuses on the power of the self, in the relief of suffering from past traumatic experiences and seeks to meet a high level of consciousness, communication and serenity. It is based on the idea, that the human being is an eternal spirit. The philosophy founder claims that by applying it, a person can enhance their abilities, attain and gain personal power to create an enjoyable and meaningful life for themselves.
  • 13.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Honda Civic Hybrid
The Honda Civic Hybrid is a variation of the Honda Civic with a hybrid electric powertrain. Honda introduced the Civic Hybrid in Japan in December 2001 and discontinued it in 2015. In the United States, it was the first hybrid automobile to be certified as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero-Emissions Vehicle (AT-PZEV) from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The Civic Hybrid uses an Integrated Motor Assist hybrid system similar to that of the Honda Insight. The Civic Hybrid was only marketed in sedan configurations.
  • 13.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 541 million years to the present and began with the Cambrian Period when animals first developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record. The time before the Phanerozoic, called the Precambrian, is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons. The time span of the Phanerozoic starts with the sudden appearance of fossilized evidence of a number of animal phyla; the evolution of those phyla into diverse forms; the emergence and development of complex plants; the evolution of fish; the emergence of insects and tetrapods; and the development of modern fauna. Plant life on land appeared in the early Phanerozoic eon. During this time span, tectonic forces caused the continents to move and eventually collect into a single landmass known as Pangaea (the most recent supercontinent), which then separated into the current continental landmasses.
  • 13.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
The vehicular ad hoc network is an emerging area of technology that provides intelligent transportation systems with vast advantages and applications. Frequent disconnections between the vehicular nodes due to high-velocity vehicles impact network performance. 
  • 13.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microstructure of Ni-Based Superalloy
To understand the behaviour of the especially complex Ni-based superalloys at high-homologous temperatures it is necessary to characterize their microstructure in fully heat-treatment condition. Detection and characterization of precipitates even nano-precipitates is essential in the study of creep and fatigue degradation. Without the knowledge about the phase composition of material, it is problematic to predict the microstructure evolution during long-term service. The main aim of this work was to perform the comprehensive characterization of equiaxed Ni-based superalloy René 108 from micro- to atomic-scale resolution by using analytical microscopy techniques.    
  • 13.1K
  • 20 Dec 2020
Topic Review
IKCO EF Engines
IKCO EF engines are a family of four-cylinder engines. The EF7 series are designed jointly by Iran Khodro Powertrain Company (IPCO) and F.E.V GmbH of Germany. The other models will be designed by IPCO itself. IPCO is the powertrain designing & producing company of Iranian car manufacturer Iran Khodro (IKCO). IKCO aims to supply 800,000 powertrains by 2010. The first phase of IKCO EF Engines project (EF7 Dual-Fuel) investments were about 80 million US$. EF4 & EF7 engines use CNG as their main fuel and they can also use gasoline. EFD is the first engine of the EF family that is single-fuel. It uses high-quality diesel (Euro 4 Quality or better) as fuel. EF engines share most of their parts between them. It was IKCO's aim to reduce costs and provide ease of supplying the parts in the future for after-sales services. The EF family dual-fuel and petrol-fuel engines have achieved the Euro IV emission standard and are able to achieve Euro V emission standard with some minor changes but EFD will be the first engine of the family which comes with the Euro IV emission standard as its first release, and is able to achieve the Euro VI emission standard with some changes. The most important suppliers for EF engines are INA for sensitive VVT parts and some other mechanical parts, MAHLE which supplies some important parts of the engine family such as pistons, with Bosch supplying the ECU and electrically controlled pedal and lots of other important sensitive electronic parts. Almost all of the parts (except high-tech and sensitive parts) from worldwide well-known companies (as mentioned) are produced in Iran under license with the highest required quality for the engines. The Germany company Bosch had shown interest in assembling the Iranian engine under license. In 2008 IKCO has announced that EF7 is among the three best CNG-based engines of the world in designing.
  • 13.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Working Principle of Hydraulic Control System
Hydraulic control systems are a feedback control system that uses hydraulic components as control and execution components, and hydraulic oil as the working medium for energy transmission. The movement of hydraulic actuators refers to the system output (including displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force), which is transmitted to the controller through feedback components. The input signal of the control component is adjusted according to the error size, so that the system output can automatically, quickly, and accurately track the system input instructions. Hydraulic control systems are classified into pump-controlled hydraulic control systems and valve-controlled hydraulic control systems based on their various control modes and valve components.
  • 13.0K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Fashion Industry
The preference for a specific fashion style proved to have an impact on the product, promotion, WOM and fashion lovers’ behavior during COVID-19. Moreover, those elements have an impact on the frequency of fashion apparel consumption. Based on these results, fashion companies can tailor their activities in line with the predominant style of their fashion apparel to improve their economic sustainability during the post-COVID-19 era. 
  • 13.0K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Rotary-Percussion Drilling
The rotary-percussion drilling method is a prospective way to decrease drilling costs. It is obvious, based on literature analyses and finished geothermal drilling, that the Lublin Basin can be perceived as the one where rotary-percussion drilling can be used to drill an overburden of shale rocks. The paper explained the geology of the Lublin Basin, its’ geological structures, and the possibility of the use of drilling with a down-the-hole hammer, which could significantly decrease the cost of the whole shale gas drilling investment. Data collected from the wells drilled in the Lublin Basin were compared and analyzed to determine the viability of rotary-percussion drilling. Provided analyses showed that using the rotary-percussion drilling method in the Lublin Basin had a greater possibility of application than in other Polish shale basins (Baltic and Podlasie). 
  • 13.0K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is a psychological inventory consisting of 36 items pertaining to leadership styles and 9 items pertaining to leadership outcomes. The MLQ was constructed by Bruce J. Avolio and Bernard M. Bass with the goal to assess a full range of leadership styles. The MLQ is composed of 9 scales that measure three leadership styles: transformational leadership (5 scales), transactional leadership (2 scales), and passive/avoidant behavior (2 scales), and 3 scales that measure outcomes of leadership. The MLQ takes an average of 15 minutes to complete and can be administered to an individual or group. The MLQ can be used to differentiate effective and ineffective leaders at all organizational levels and has been validated across many cultures and types of organizations. It is used for leadership development and research. The MLQ is designed as a multi-rater (or 360-degree) instrument, meaning that the leadership assessment considers the leader's self-assessment alongside the assessments of their leadership from their superiors, peers, subordinates, and others. The Leader (Self) Form and the Rater Form of the MLQ can be completed and assessed separately - however validity is much weaker when assessing leadership using only the Leader (Self) Form. Following the publication of the original MLQ in 1990, new versions of the MLQ were gradually developed to fit different assessment needs. The current versions of the MLQ are: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 360 (MLQ 360), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Self Form (MLQ Self), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Rater Form (MLQ Rater Form), Team Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (TMLQ), and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Actual vs. Ought. All MLQ versions are protected by copyright law and published by Mind Garden, Inc. The MLQ underwent a re-branding for its scales in 2015 with the justification of replacing the heavily-academic scale names with terms that would be more widely and easily understood by those outside of academia, such as business leaders and consultants. Recent academic research using the MLQ continue to use the original scale names. The MLQ is often combined with the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) to assess the self-awareness, transparency, ethics/morality, and processing ability of leaders (the ALQ was constructed by Avolio with William L. Gardner and Fred O. Walumbwa in 2007).
  • 13.0K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
HandWiki
HandWiki is an internet Wiki-style encyclopedia for professional researchers in various branches of science and computer science. As other Wiki type encyclopedias, HandWiki is designed for collaborative editing of articles. Unlike the traditional Wikipedia that uses the categories concept for all articles located in the main namespace, HandWiki uses dedicated namespaces for each topic. This allows creation of "Books" or "Manual" by grouping articles under the same namespace. According to the Handwiki designers, this can simplify organization of articles according to particular topic. HandWiki has the following topics included in the dedicated namespaces: Mathematics, Computers, Analysis, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Unsolved. In addition to the categories preserved from Wikipedia, HandWiki has its own categories for original articles posted to HandWiki. One notable feature of HandWiki is that it allows to collaborate in real-time on many types of documents (lectures, books, technical documents, etc.) with multiple authors. The text can be protected from viewing, and can only be available for groups of people working on the same project. HandWiki can be used to convert such articles to LaTeX and to use BibTeX for referencing. These two features are a significant advantage for preparing research articles for publication. The HandWiki is designed using the MediaWiki software with additional extensions for inclusion of references to programming codes and BibTeX citations. Handwiki allows adding advertisements to the end of the articles. The advertising icons can be grouped according to the HandWiki topics.
  • 13.0K
  • 24 Apr 2026
Topic Review
Physiological Effects of Marijuana
To understand the impact of marijuana on the cardiovascular system, it is imperative to understand the endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (both of which are endogenous lipid mediators), their metabolic enzymes, and G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) plus G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) [24]. CB1R is the primary receptor that mediates the effects of marijuana. CB1R is present in the brain, heart, vascular smooth muscle, and peripheral nervous system [6]. Its extensive presence in the human body makes its activation wide-reaching and impacts multiple systems.
  • 13.0K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE; Russian: Большая советская энциклопедия, БСЭ, Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya) is one of the largest Russian-language encyclopedias, published by the Soviet state from 1926 to 1990, and again since 2002 by Russia (under the name Bolshaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya or Great Russian Encyclopedia). The GSE claimed to be "the first Marxist-Leninist general-purpose encyclopedia".
  • 13.0K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Battery Management System Subsystems and Their Influence
As the battery provides the entire propulsion power in electric vehicles (EVs), the utmost importance should be ascribed to the battery management system (BMS) which controls all the activities associated with the battery. 
  • 13.0K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Transition from Industry 4.0 to Society 5.0
In the era of Industry 4.0, manufacturing and production systems were revolutionized by increasing operational efficiency and developing and implementing new business models, services, and products. Several countries have begun orchestrating initiatives towards the design and development of the human-centric aspect of technologies, systems, and services, which has been coined as Industry 5.0. The impact of Industry 5.0 will extend to societal transformation, which eventually leads to the generation of a new society, the Society 5.0.
  • 13.0K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
M2 Browning
The M2 Machine Gun or Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed toward the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to Browning's earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, which was chambered for the .30-06 cartridge. The M2 uses the much larger and much more powerful .50 BMG cartridge, which was developed alongside and takes its name from the gun itself (BMG standing for Browning Machine Gun). It has been referred to as "Ma Deuce", in reference to its M2 nomenclature. The design has had many specific designations; the official designation for the current infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible. It is effective against infantry, unarmored or lightly armored vehicles and boats, light fortifications and low-flying aircraft. The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used extensively as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft armament by the United States from the 1930s to the present. It was heavily used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the Gulf War, the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in the 2000s and 2010s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries as well. The M2 has been in use longer than any other firearm in U.S. inventory except the .45 ACP M1911 pistol, also designed by John Browning. The current M2HB is manufactured in the U.S. by General Dynamics and U.S. Ordnance for use by the U.S. government, and for allies via Foreign Military Sales, as well as foreign manufacturers such as FN Herstal.
  • 13.0K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Club of Rome
Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, Italy, the Club of Rome consists of current and former heads of state, UN bureaucrats, high-level politicians and government officials, diplomats, scientists, economists, and business leaders from around the globe. It stimulated considerable public attention in 1972 with the first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth. Since 1 July 2008 the organization has been based in Winterthur, Switzerland.
  • 13.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Hazards in Pakistan
Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that are a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions to these catastrophes are influenced by their proximity to the hazards and their ability to anticipate, resist, cope with, and recover from their consequences. Due to climatic changes, the risk of multiple natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Pakistan.
  • 13.0K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Space Shuttle Main Engine
The Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-25, otherwise known as the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME), is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine that was used on NASA's Space Shuttle and is planned to be used on its successor, the Space Launch System. Designed and manufactured in the United States by Rocketdyne (later known as Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne and Aerojet Rocketdyne), the RS-25 burns cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, with each engine producing 1,859 kN (418,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff. Although the RS-25 can trace its heritage back to the 1960s, concerted development of the engine began in the 1970s, with the first flight, STS-1, occurring on April 12, 1981. The RS-25 has undergone several upgrades over its operational history to improve the engine's reliability, safety, and maintenance load. Subsequently, the RS-25D is the most efficient liquid fuel rocket engine currently in use. The engine produces a specific impulse (Isp) of 452 seconds (4.43 km/s) in a vacuum, or 366 seconds (3.59 km/s) at sea level, has a mass of approximately 3.5 tonnes (7,700 pounds), and is capable of throttling between 67% and 109% of its rated power level in one-percent increments. The RS-25 operates at temperatures ranging from −253 °C (−423 °F) to 3300 °C (6000 °F). The Space Shuttle used a cluster of three RS-25 engines mounted in the stern structure of the orbiter, with fuel being drawn from the external tank. The engines were used for propulsion during the entirety of the spacecraft's ascent, with additional thrust being provided by two solid rocket boosters and the orbiter's two AJ-10 orbital maneuvering system engines. Following each flight, the RS-25 engines were removed from the orbiter, inspected, and refurbished before being reused on another mission.
  • 12.9K
  • 24 Oct 2022
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