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Topic Review
Types of Cultivation in Greenhouses
Greenhouse cultivation includes two types: conventional and hydroponic (cultivation substrate in soil, and cultivation substrate in water-based nutrient solution, respectively). Greenhouse cultivation systems have garnered substantial attention due to their ability to create a controlled environment for crop growth, resulting in higher yields, improved quality, and reduced water usage. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), as a typical seed-borne virus, causes costly and devastating diseases in the vegetable trade worldwide.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Envelope
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Modulation of Cattle Health through the Microbiome-Gut-Organ Axes
This interaction between the microbes colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the immune system impacts organs throughout the host and forms an “axis” that can send signals. Some examples of these axes in cattle include the established gut-brain axis and gut-lung axis and the proposed gut-mammary axis and gut-reproductive axis.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Precision Agriculture for Farming
Precision agriculture (PA) is a technology-enabled, data-driven approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops. Precision livestock farming (PLF), relying on the automatic monitoring of individual animals, is used for animal growth, milk production, and the detection of diseases as well as to monitor animal behavior and their physical environment, among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pain
The phenomenon of pain sensation is defined differently, depending on the specialty. From the point of view of psychology or psychiatry, pain is a difficult to define and a subjective experience. Being a result of awareness of nerve impulses reaching the brain and caused by noxious stimuli of adequate strength, pain can be also defined as a psychic factor, triggering defensive reflexes. From a biological point of view, pain is a warning signal about a danger or tissue injury. Pain is a sensory impression, formed by the action of various stimuli that damage tissues; therefore, pain provides information about the action site of the harmful factor (stressor). Pain can be experienced as a local sensation or as widespread pain when the response to stimulus is intense and the effect of the damage lasts for an extended duration. Controversies still exist regarding nomenclature and definitions specifying the phenomenon of pain. According to the Taxonomy Committee of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chinese Mountain Cat
The Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis bieti) is a small wild felid species native to the high-altitude regions of central China. Characterized by its distinctive grayish-brown fur, black-spotted coat, and bushy tail, this elusive feline is adapted to the harsh mountainous environments of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. Despite its status as one of the least studied wild cats, the Chinese Mountain Cat plays a crucial role in its ecosystem as a predator of small mammals and birds, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to protect its fragile habitat.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cephenemyiosis
Cephenemyia stimulator is a Palearctic species developing in the nasal cavity and pharynx of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). It is widely spread in the range of distribution of this ungulate in Europe.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Whiteflies
Whiteflies are a group of universally occurring phloem sap sucking insects that has secured a status of most devastating pests for causing both direct and indirect damages to crops. A few of them serve as vectors of plant viruses that are detrimental to the crop in question and cause an actual loss in productivity. A lot of attention is focused on pest control measures under the umbrella of IPM (Integrated pest management). 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR, Livestock, Sustainable Food Production
The growing demand for animal source foods to feed people has been pushing the livestock industry to increase productivity, a tendency that will continue throughout this century. The challenge for the coming years is to increase the food supply to ensure equity in access to high quality food, while maintaining global sustainability including combating climate change, avoiding deforestation, and conserving biodiversity, as well as ensuring animal health and welfare. The question is, how do we produce more with less? Classical methods to enhance livestock productivity based on the improvement of animal health, nutrition, genetics, reproductive technologies and management have made important contributions; however, this is not going to be enough and thus disruptive approaches are required. Genome editing with CRISPR may be a powerful contributor to global livestock transformation. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Green Biotechnology of Oyster Mushroom
The field of biotechnology presents us with a great chance to use many organisms, such as mushrooms, to find suitable solutions for issues that include the accumulation of agro-wastes in the environment. The green biotechnology of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) includes the myco-remediation of polluted soil and water as well as bio-fermentation. The circular economy approach could be effectively achieved by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.), of which the substrate of their cultivation is considered as a vital source for producing biofertilizers, animal feeds, bioenergy, and bio-remediators. Spent mushroom substrate is also considered a crucial source for many applications, including the production of enzymes (e.g., manganese peroxidase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase) and bioethanol. The sustainable management of agro-industrial wastes (e.g., plant-based foods, animal-based foods, and non-food industries) could reduce, reuse and recycle using oyster mushrooms. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Camelina sativa
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, also called gold-of-pleasure, false flax, or linseed dodder, is an oilseed crop belonging to the tribe Camelineae of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Camelina is a hardy plant that adapts very well to different types of soil and grows best in cool semi-arid climates. The great potential of this crop is also being exploited to obtain a sustainable feedstock for its different applications, and to improve dryland agriculture. Camelina can be used to improve the quality of foods, such as dairy products and meat, and the consumption of its oil has potential benefits for human health.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Kit Fox
The Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis) is a small and elusive member of the Canidae family, native to the arid regions of North America. Renowned for its diminutive size and distinctive large ears, the Kit Fox is supremely adapted to its desert habitat, where it hunts primarily at night for rodents, insects, and small reptiles. Despite its small stature, the Kit Fox plays a vital role in ecosystem dynamics, regulating prey populations and contributing to desert ecosystem health.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biopesticide Encapsulation Using Supercritical CO2
As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural chemistries from living organisms, are not harmful to nontarget organisms and the environment, can be used as biopesticides, nontarget. However, to reduce the reactivity of active ingredients, avoid undesired reactions, protect from physical stress, and control or lower the release rate, encapsulation processes can be applied to biopesticides. The use of supercritical fluid technology (SFT), mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), to encapsulate biopesticides is highlighted, as they reduce the use of organic solvents, have simpler separation processes, and achieve high-purity particles. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology for Precision Agriculture
By adopting nanotechnology-based precision agricultural practices, the farming community can reduce agrochemicals while maintaining high crop productivity, protecting soil and water health, and contributing to a cleaner environment.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
History, Taxonomy and Control of Citrus Canker
Citrus canker (CC), caused by one of the most destructive subfamilies of the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri (Xcc), poses a serious threat to the significantly important citrus fruit crop grown worldwide.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Ciguatera in the Indian Ocean
Ciguatera poisoning is regarded globally as the most significant non-bacterial poisoning associated with fish consumption. It is usually limited to the consumption of toxic fish from regions between the latitudes 35° N and 35° S. Studies have shown a strong positive correlation between Gambierdiscus abundance and algal macrophytes. Some earlier studies proposed a standardized methodology for estimating Gambierdiscus abundance based on sampling macroalgae.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anaerobic Fungi
Anaerobic fungi, though low in abundance in rumen, play an important role in the degradation of forage for herbivores. Anaerobic fungi have been found in almost all animals that ferment in the predigestive tract, including ruminants (e.g., Bovidae, Cervidae), pseudoruminants (e.g., hippos, camels, llamas, alpacas), and nonruminants (e.g., wallabies). They are also found in many postdigestive tract fermenters that digest plant tissues in the cecum and large intestine (e.g., elephants, horses, and rhinoceroses) and in some large herbivore rodents (e.g., long-eared guinea pigs). It appears that the establishment of anaerobic fungi in the alimentary canal of herbivores may be attributed to the complex and distinct chamber with a relatively neutral pH in the digestive tract and a long lag time in the digestive process for the ingested plant tissue, which is conducive to the growth and activity of anaerobic fungi. Therefore, anaerobic fungi, which appear in the digestive tract of these herbivores, especially in those that take in a lot of roughage, must have some unique reasons and advantages to exist in such a complex environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antarctic Fur Seal
The Antarctic Fur Seal, scientifically known as Arctocephalus gazella, is a charismatic marine mammal native to the subantarctic and Antarctic regions. Recognized for its dense fur coat, robust build, and distinctive facial features, this species is a top predator in its icy habitat. Antarctic Fur Seals play a vital role in marine ecosystems, influencing prey populations and contributing to the overall health of polar environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
European Map Butterfly Araschnia levana
The European map butterfly (Araschnia levana) looks different in spring and summer due to day length and temperature. If the butterfly’s caterpillars receive at least 16 h of light per day, the resulting butterfly hatches a few weeks later in summer with blackish wings (f. prorsa). However, if caterpillars receive less than 15.5 h of daylight, many overwinter as pupae. The imagos emerging in the following spring, have predominantly organge wings with black spots (f. levana). This whole process is guided by hormones and epigenetics.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Apr 2021
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