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Topic Review
Insight into Prevention of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are important global pathogens which cause the sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea and meningitis, respectively, as well as sepsis. Non-B meningococcal serogroups showed that the 4CMenB vaccine could potentially offer some level of protection against non-B meningococcal serogroups and N. gonorrhoeae. The assessment of the potential protection conferred by 4CMenB is further challenged by the fact that further studies are still needed to fully understand natural immune responses against gonococcal infections. A further limitation could be the potential differences between the protection mechanisms against N. gonorrhoeae, which causes local infections, and the protection mechanisms against N. meningitidis, which causes systemic infections.
  • 804
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mycobacteriophages as Diagnostics
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most impactful diseases of the modern era. Current diagnostics are struggling to meet the multifaceted challenges TB presents. Mycobacteriophages (specific phages active against mycobacterial species) are now being utilised to create promising new diagnostic technologies. Here we explore and review contemporary phage diagnostics targeting mycobacteria, while commenting on key areas warranting further investigation and development. 
  • 801
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Tract
Since its first report in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 has become a pandemic, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although the virus primarily affects the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal symptoms are also common.
  • 801
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans
To date, the scientific literature on health variables for Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been investigated throughout several systematic reviews, often with a focus on only one aspect of the One Health variables: human, animal, or environment.
  • 798
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products
The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics.
  • 797
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in Physiologically Immunocompromised People
Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection by detecting interferon-γ released by previously sensitized T-cells in-vitro. The performance of IGRAs is different in population with physiologically Immunocompromised factors.
  • 796
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Markers Prediction in COVID-19 Mortality
COVID-19 is an inflammatory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and can manifest as various symptoms ranging from mild symptoms or asymptomatic cases to severe pneumonia that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death.  Assessing the utility of various inflammatory markers in predicting mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
  • 793
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of the Gut–Lung Axis in RTIs
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-threatening pneumonia. A plethora of studies have described the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) composition and function and the development of various human diseases, focusing especially on the role of GM in regulating the immune system. Although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is mounting evidence that GM can modulate the immune function in distant mucosal sites such as the respiratory system, and therefore play a role in the development of RTIs.
  • 793
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Rapid, Cheap, and Effective COVID-19 Diagnostics for Africa
In Africa and other low- and middle-income countries there is high rate of COVID-19 under-diagnosis, due to the high cost of molecular assays. Exploring alternate assays to the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for COVID-19 diagnosis is highly warranted.
  • 792
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C
Cure of HCV infection is defined by the achievement of the sustained virological response (SVR), i.e., undetectable HCV-RNA in the serum of patients 12 or 24 weeks after the end of antiviral treatment; this surrogate end point has been validated by observing the very low rate of post-SVR relapse and is also a surrogate marker of improved liver-related morbidity and mortality.
  • 791
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Care of the Person Living with HIV
HIV has transformed from an illness that resulted in one complication after another and nearly always resulted in death to a chronic illness that for most patients is more easily managed than diabetes or heart disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now simple and well-tolerated. The most important priority of HIV treatment is ensuring that people living with HIV stay on continuous, effective ART. ART, although not curative, suppresses the virus and allows the immune system to recover. Even when the CD4 count remains low, suppressive ART helps prevent opportunistic infections and other HIV related complications. Suppressive ART is important not only to the health of the individual living with HIV but is an important public health goal since people living with HIV will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners if their viral load is undetectable. A respectful, culturally appropriate patient–provider relationship is one of the most important factors in keeping people living with HIV engaged in care. Persons living with HIV deserve both excellent HIV and primary care. Some communities have providers that are experts in both, but often people living with HIV receive the best care by collaboration between their primary care provider and an HIV expert.
  • 787
  • 16 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. However, increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity.
  • 787
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Willingness
As pregnant women are at high risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines are available in Switzerland, this study aimed to assess the willingness of Swiss pregnant and breastfeeding women to become vaccinated. Through a cross-sectional online study conducted after the first pandemic wave, vaccination practices and willingness to become vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 if a vaccine was available were evaluated through binary, multi-choice, and open-ended questions.
  • 786
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. 
  • 786
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vector-Borne Tularemia
Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by the highly invasive bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by vectors, such as ticks, mosquitos, and flies.
  • 785
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Immunobridging of Animal and Human Data
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule was devised to facilitate approval of candidate vaccines and therapeutics using animal survival data when human efficacy studies are not practical or ethical. This regulatory pathway is critical for candidates against pathogens with high case fatality rates that prohibit human challenge trials, as well as candidates with low and sporadic incidences of outbreaks that make human field trials difficult. Important components of a vaccine development plan for Animal Rule licensure are the identification of an immune correlate of protection and immunobridging to humans. The relationship of vaccine-induced immune responses to survival after vaccination and challenge must be established in validated animal models and then used to infer predictive vaccine efficacy in humans via immunobridging.
  • 782
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophils and Flaviviruses
Neutrophils are first-line responders to infections and are recruited to target tissues through the action of chemoattractant molecules, such as chemokines. Neutrophils are crucial for the control of bacterial and fungal infections, but their role in the context of viral infections has been understudied. Flaviviruses are important human viral pathogens transmitted by arthropods. Infection with a flavivirus may result in a variety of complex disease manifestations, including hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or congenital malformations. Our understanding of flaviviral diseases is incomplete, and so is the role of neutrophils in such diseases. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the participation of neutrophils in severe disease forms evolving from flavivirus infection, focusing on the role of chemokines and their receptors as main drivers of neutrophil function. Neutrophil activation during viral infection was shown to interfere in viral replication through effector functions, but the resulting inflammation is significant and may be detrimental to the host. For congenital infections in humans, neutrophil recruitment mediated by CXCL8 would be catastrophic. 
  • 781
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in Poultry in Malaysia
Enterococcus has emerged as a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen as a result of its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobials, particularly vancomycin. Vancomycin is the final treatment option, particularly for Enterococcus. There is abundant proof that drug-resistant bacteria exist in poultry and can be transmitted to humans. Regular monitoring of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in poultry would aid policymakers in developing effective control measures and design antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance capacity building in Malaysia. Further, livestock farmers should be educated on antibiotics resistance and trained on responsible utilization of antibiotics.
  • 781
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Super-Spreader
A super-spreader is a host—an organism infected with a disease—that disproportionally infects more secondary contacts than other hosts who are also infected with the same disease. A sick human can be a super-spreader; they would be more likely to infect others than most people with the disease. Super-spreaders are thus of high concern in epidemiology (the study of the spread of diseases). Some cases of super-spreading conform to the 20/80 rule, where approximately 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although super-spreading can still be said to occur when super-spreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions. In epidemics with super-spreading, the majority of individuals infect relatively few secondary contacts. Super-spreading events are shaped by multiple factors including a decline in herd immunity, nosocomial infections, virulence, viral load, misdiagnosis, airflow dynamics, immune suppression, and co-infection with another pathogen.
  • 779
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes Inhibitors
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical protein in the activation of the immune system in response to DNA. It can participate the inflammatory response process by modulating the inflammation-preferred translation program through the STING-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eIF2α pathway or by inducing the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) and a variety of proinflammatory factors through the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. 
  • 779
  • 21 Apr 2023
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