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Topic Review
EV Charging
EVs or Plug-In EVs (PEVs) are powered by rechargeable batteries and classified in the green technology vehicles, which will replace the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The transferring technologies from petroleum-based transportation to green transportation has a number of benefits in several areas like economic, environment, and technical support.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities
Cities are constantly facing major challenges, mainly due to continuous population growth and their diversion to urban living. These challenges depend on cities’ geography and culture but, not exhaustively, are, namely: congestion management, excess pollution, resource usage, absence of satisfactory physical and social infrastructures, necessity to maintain continuous sustainable economic growth, and increasingly narrower energy and environmental obligations. The energy transition on the roadmap to a decarbonized economy can never be implemented effectively, both in terms of costs and timing, without energy efficiency being the priority, and cities will have a crucial role in such a process.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have been attracting extensive attention due to their outstanding properties and the potential to be the solution for next-generation energy storage systems. However, the uncontrollable growth of zinc dendrites and water-splitting issues seriously restrict their further scalable application. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been regarded as a promising alternative to address these challenges and facilitate the practical advancement of zinc batteries.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Printed Electronics
Printed electronics are manufactured in a process of registering thin functional material (ink) layer combinations on a low-cost substrate that may be recycled and/or naturally degraded in nature. Correspondingly, the manufacturing process is composed of three complementary stages: material selection, printing and post-printing. The materials for the printed electronics are principally inks of conducting, semiconducting or dielectric characteristics and substrates, which are derived from synthetic or natural polymers.  The inks are transferred with a master through direct contact to the substrate in case of contact printing, while they are deposited onto the substrate typically through nozzles in case of non-contact printing. Posterior to the printing process, it is often necessary to conduct sintering/curing in order to reach the desired functional ink and substrate characteristics. The inks, substrate and the printing technology along with the post printing requirements must be carefully evaluated for quality, repeatability and life-time aspects of the yield.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Batteries-Energy Storage
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are a good energy storage solution for plug-in electric vehicles. However, the performance and health of these batteries is highly dependent on the use case, including operating temperature, power consumption profile, and control strategy (heavy forced alternating charge–discharge modes) imposed by the battery management system.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Optimizing Use of RTKLIB for Smartphone-Based GNSS Measurements
The Google Smartphone Decimeter Challenge (GSDC) was a competition held in 2021, where data from a variety of instruments useful for determining a phone’s position (signals from GPS satellites, accelerometer readings, gyroscope readings, etc.) using Android smartphones were provided to be processed/assessed in regard to the most accurate determination of the longitude and latitude of user positions. One of the tools that can be utilized to process the GNSS measurements is RTKLIB. RTKLIB is an open-source GNSS processing software tool that can be used with the GNSS measurements, including code, carrier, and doppler measurements, to provide real-time kinematic (RTK), precise point positioning (PPP), and post-processed kinematic (PPK) solutions.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Secure Key Establishment Mechanism
Key establishment means the process of generating a usable and shared secret key between one or more entities. Key establishment includes key generation, key agreement, key distribution and so on. Among them, key generation and key agreement refer to the process of establishing a shared key between entities, in which no entity can determine the value of the key in advance. With smart sensing systems, the communications between sensors, actuators, and edge computing systems and robots are prone to be attacked due to the highly dynamic and distributed environment. Since smart robots are often distributed in open environments, as well as due to their limited hardware resources and security protection capabilities, the security requirements of their keys cannot be met with traditional key distribution algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism of key establishment based on high-order polynomials to ensure the safe key generation and key distribution. Experiments show that the key establishment mechanism proposed in this paper guarantees the security of keys; its storage cost and communication cost are smaller than state-of-the-art mechanisms; and it allows robot components to join and leave the network dynamically, which is more suitable for multi-robot systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Power System Balancing
The use of wind power has grown strongly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades. Solar power is also expected to increase significantly. In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between total production and demand. This balancing is currently mainly managed with conventional power plants, but with larger amounts of wind and solar power, other sources will also be needed. Interesting possibilities include continuous control of wind and solar power, battery storage, electric vehicles, hydrogen production, and other demand resources with flexibility potential.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies
       An experimental and numerical investigation of the climatic conditions in a university area in Rome was achieved, along with evaluating the occurrence of the UHI phenomenon. A preliminary analysis of the UHI phenomenon was carried out and an average urban heat island index equal to 1.14 °C was identified, with a peak value equal to 5.9 °C. This preliminary assessment led to a more detailed investigation using a simulation code. A calibrated model was generated through the software ENVI-met and different mitigation strategies were tested, in order to reduce the overheating of the area. So, eight different scenarios were compared with the actual state, testing the effects of trees, cool pavements and lawn, as well as considering combinations among them.        The analysis of this case study and the performed simulations led to the conclusion that careful choices must be made during the design phase of an area, even when it comes to universities. More in general, objectives and priorities in the design phase should concern not only buildings but also external areas, but this conceptual paradigm needs to be also applied for university areas. Therefore, during the requalification of urban areas involving both buildings and outdoor areas, different skills must be combined and applied.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Repulsion Motor
A repulsion motor is a type of electric motor for using on alternating current (AC). It was formerly used as a traction motor for electric trains (e.g. SR Class CP and SR Class SL electric multiple units) but has been superseded by other types of motors. Repulsion motors are classified under single phase motors. In repulsion motors the stator windings are connected directly to the AC power supply and the rotor is connected to a commutator and brush assembly, similar to that of a direct current (DC) motor.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gallium Nitride Power Devices
Gallium nitride (GaN) possesses remarkable characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high critical electric field, robust antiradiation properties, and a high saturation velocity for high-power devices. These attributes position GaN as a pivotal material for the development of power devices.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Categorization of Radiation-Hardened-by-Design Flip-Flops
In this review, previously presented RHBD FFs are classified into three categories with an overview ofeach category. Six well-known RHBD FFs architectures are simulated using a 180 nm CMOS processto show a fair comparison between them while the conventional Transmission Gate Flip-Flop (TGFF)is used as a reference design for this comparison. The results of the comparison are analyzed to givesome important highlights about each design.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are a type of network composed of many small, isolated sensors that are distributed in a predetermined area and they communicate with each other via wireless links.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Discovery of Infrared Radiation
This entry is mainly about the story of infrared radiation
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Free-Carrier-Depletion-Based Phase Shifter
Free-carrier-dispersion-based phase shifters are favored in the field of telecommunications and data centers due to their high modulation speed and low power consumption. Based on the working mechanism, free-carrier-dispersion-based phase shifters fall into three categories: carrier injection, carrier depletion, and carrier accumulation.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
MMW Radar in Autonomous Driving
With the rapid development of automated vehicles (AVs), more and more demands are proposed towards environmental perception. Among the commonly used sensors, MMW radar plays an important role due to its low cost, adaptability In different weather, and motion detection capability. Radar can provide different data types to satisfy requirements for various levels of autonomous driving. The objective of this study is to present an overview of the state-of-the-art radar-based technologies applied In AVs. Although several published research papers focus on MMW Radars for intelligent vehicles, no general survey on deep learning applied In radar data for autonomous vehicles exists. Therefore, we try to provide related survey In this paper. First, we introduce models and representations from millimeter-wave (MMW) radar data. Secondly, we present radar-based applications used on AVs. For low-level automated driving, radar data have been widely used In advanced driving-assistance systems (ADAS). For high-level automated driving, radar data is used In object detection, object tracking, motion prediction, and self-localization. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future development direction of related studies.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Battery Management System Application
Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid EV (HEV) use Lithium (Li) ion battery packs to drive them. These battery packs possess high specific density and low discharge rates. However, some of the limitations of such Li ion batteries are sensitivity to high temperature and health degradation over long usage. The Battery Management System (BMS) protects the battery against overvoltage, overcurrent etc., and monitors the State of Charge (SOC) and the State of Health (SOH). SOH is a complex phenomenon dealing with the effects related to aging of the battery such as the increase in the internal resistance and decrease in the capacity due to unwanted side reactions. The battery life can be extended by estimating the SOH accurately.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Major High-Voltage Insulator Contamination Level Classification Techniques
Insulators are considered one of the most significant parts of power systems which can affect the overall performance of high-voltage (HV) transmission lines and substations. High-voltage insulators are critical for the successful operation of HV overhead transmission lines, and a failure in any insulator due to contamination can lead to flashover voltage, which will cause a power outage. The electrical performance of HV insulators is highly environment sensitive. The main cause of these flashovers in the industrial, agricultural, desert, and coastal areas, is the insulator contamination caused by unfavorable climatic conditions such as dew, fog, or rain. The different methods adopted to identify the contamination level on high-voltage insulators are discussed.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Australia
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation, energy providers, car loan providers and car insurance providers also offer their own financial incentives for electric vehicle purchases including Macquarie Bank offering the lowest electric car loan of 2.99%. The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% to 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. The New South Wales Government also aim for the vast majority of new cars sold in the state to be electric vehicles by 2035. The New South Wales Government are also planning and stated they must ban the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles by 2035. Similarly, the Victorian Government's "Infrastructure Victoria" initiative called for the government to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2035 at the latest. South Australia's Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035, and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030. The ACT also plan for 100% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. The Australian states with EV sales targets represent approximately 65% of the Australian population. This means 65% of the Australian population has a target to reach more than 50% EV car sales by 2030. However, this target could be reached sooner if the two largest states governments of New South Wales and Victoria enact their plan to ban the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035. High adoption of electric vehicles could save Australian drivers $500 billion by 2035. While a slow uptake of electric vehicles would result in a 1 trillion cost to the Australian health system by 2050. Although air pollution would cause the deaths of at least 2500 people across Sydney and Melbourne in the year 2030, even if the federal government swiftly clamped down on poisonous car fuels. A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy. This is because Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050. 60% of Australians also want a net-zero emissions target by 2050. Scott Morrison will deliver a target for net-zero emissions by 2050 to the 2021 UN Climate Conference. The New South Wales treasurer, Matt Kean, said the federal Nationals should resign if they didn't support a national target for net-zero emissions by 2050. To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles will also need to represent 50% of car sales by 2035.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Communication-Based Control Strategies for Parallel Inverters
The communication-based control methods require a power management platform or supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) operation. These control methods are employed to provide power-sharing and voltage control, and their main advantage is eliminating the requirement for a secondary controller. The supervisory control receives information from all inverters and tries to maintain a balance in power-sharing between the inverters. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2022
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