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Topic Review
Automotive Light Detection and Ranging Sensors
In the future, autonomous vehicles with full self-driving features will populate the public roads. However, fully autonomous cars will require robust perception systems to safely navigate the environment, which includes cameras, RADAR devices, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors. LiDAR is a key sensor for the future of autonomous driving since it can read the vehicle’s vicinity and provide a real-time 3D visualization of the surroundings through a point cloud representation. These features can assist the autonomous vehicle in several tasks, such as object identification and obstacle avoidance, accurate speed and distance measurements, road navigation, and more. However, it is crucial to detect the ground plane and road limits to safely navigate the environment, which requires extracting information from the point cloud to accurately detect common road boundaries. 
  • 968
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Embedded Machine Learning
Embedded machine learning (EML) can be applied in the areas of accurate computer vision schemes, reliable speech recognition, innovative healthcare, robotics, and more. However, there exists a critical drawback in the efficient implementation of ML algorithms targeting embedded applications. Machine learning algorithms are generally computationally and memory intensive, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained environments such as embedded and mobile devices. In order to efficiently implement these compute and memory-intensive algorithms within the embedded and mobile computing space, innovative optimization techniques are required at the algorithm and hardware levels. 
  • 967
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Application of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) in IoT Sensors
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) combines various sensors and the internet to form an expanded network, realizing the interconnection between human beings and machines anytime and anywhere. Nevertheless, the problem of energy supply limits the large-scale implementation of IoT. Fortunately, thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which can directly convert thermal gradient into electricity, have attracted extensive attention in the field of IoT due to their unique benefits, such as small size, long maintenance cycle, high stability, and no noise. Therefore, it is vital to integrate the significantly advanced research on TEGs into IoT. The authors first outlined the basic principle of the thermoelectricity effect and summarized the common preparation methods for thermoelectric functional parts in TEGs. Then, the application of TEG-powered sensors in the human body was wearable and implantable medical electronic devices. It is followed by a discussion on the application of scene sensors for IoTs, for example, building energy management and airliners. Finally, researchers provided a further outlook on the current challenges and opportunities.
  • 962
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wide Band Gap Devices
A decisive property that regulates semiconductor’s electrical and optical properties is the band gap, which is an important physical parameter for designating a wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor, and is defined as the energy needed for electrons to transition to the conduction band from the valence band. The magnetic property of the semiconducting materials also plays an important role for choosing of power devices in terms of energy efficiency with hysteresis and eddy current losses. The WBG semiconductor materials exhibit larger band gaps (2–4 eV) than their silicon (1–1.5 eV) counterparts and offer greater power efficiency, lower overall cost, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower energy consumption. WBG-based components in semiconductor devices permit its operation at high temperatures, which can be problematic when using conventional silicon semiconductors with smaller band gaps. The wider the bandgap, the higher the temperature at which the semiconductor power devices can function.
  • 958
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Heaviside Condition
The Heaviside condition, named for Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925), is the condition an electrical transmission line must meet in order for there to be no distortion of a transmitted signal. Also known as the distortionless condition, it can be used to improve the performance of a transmission line by adding loading to the cable.
  • 957
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are used for increasing safety in the automotive domain, yet current ADASs notably operate without taking into account drivers’ states, e.g., whether she/he is emotionally apt to drive.
  • 956
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Artificial Neural Networks in Water Supply Systems Development
A water supply system is considered an essential service to the population as it is about providing an essential good for life. This system typically consists of several sensors, transducers, pumps, etc., and some of these elements have high costs and/or complex installation. The indirect measurement of a quantity can be used to obtain a desired variable, dispensing with the use of a specific sensor in the plant. Among the contributions of this technique is the design of the pressure controller using the adaptive control, as well as the use of an artificial neural network for the construction of nonlinear models using inherent system parameters such as pressure, engine rotation frequency and control valve angle, with the purpose of estimating the flow. 
  • 956
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures
The entry presents the concept of Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures (MAFBS) and their usage in Microwave Photonic Sensor Systems (MPSS). The theory of MAFBS is the logical evolution of the theory of Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures (AFBS), which implement a microwave-photonic tecnique for their interrogation. The MAFBS is a special type of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), the reflection spectrum of which has three (or more) narrow notches. The frequencies of narrow notches are located in infrared range of electromagnetic spectrum, while differences between them – in microwave frequency range. All cross-differences between optical frequencies of single MAFBS are called address frequencies set. When the additive optical response from a single MAFBS, passing through optical filter with oblique frequency response, is received by a photodetector, the complex electrical signal, which consists of all cross-frequency beatings of all optical frequencies, is taken at its output. This complex electrical signal at the photodetector’s output contains enough information to determine the central frequency shift of the MAFBS.
  • 955
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Multilevel Inverters in  Battery Electric Vehicles
All electric vehicles are the only way to decarbonize transport quickly and substantially. Although multilevel inverters have already been used in some transportation modes, they are rarely used in road transportation, especially in light-duty passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs). With the transition to a high 800-V DC link to extend the driving range and enable extreme fast charging, the possibility of using multilevel inverters in commercial light-duty passenger BEVs becomes feasible. Higher efficiency, higher power density, better waveform quality, lower switching frequency, the possibility of using low-rated switches, and inherent fault tolerance are known advantages of multilevel inverters that make them an efficient option for replacing 2-level inverters in high DC link passenger BEVs.
  • 955
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Recent Advances of Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices
A sweat-sensing device requires a wearable device for the temporary attachment of its main components, including sensors, sweat collection devices, and electronic devices to the body’s skin region.
  • 954
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Apple Electric Car Project
The Apple electric car project (codenamed "Titan") is an electric car project undergoing research and development by Apple Inc. Apple has yet to openly discuss any of its self-driving research, but around 5,000 employees were reported to be working on the project (As of 2018). In May 2018, Apple reportedly partnered with Volkswagen to produce an autonomous employee shuttle van based on the T6 Transporter commercial vehicle platform. In August 2018, the BBC reported that Apple had 66 road-registered driverless cars, with 111 drivers registered to operate those cars. In 2020, it is believed that Apple is still working on self driving related hardware, software and service as a potential product, instead of actual Apple-branded cars. In December 2020, Reuters reported that Apple was planning on a possible launch date of 2024, but analyst Ming-Chi Kuo claimed it would not be launched before 2025 and might not be launched until 2028 or later.
  • 942
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Topologies for CMOS CP Circuits
CP design topologies have been analyzed with different design and process schemes in the last decades . 
  • 941
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Categorization of Radiation-Hardened-by-Design Flip-Flops
In this review, previously presented RHBD FFs are classified into three categories with an overview ofeach category. Six well-known RHBD FFs architectures are simulated using a 180 nm CMOS processto show a fair comparison between them while the conventional Transmission Gate Flip-Flop (TGFF)is used as a reference design for this comparison. The results of the comparison are analyzed to givesome important highlights about each design.
  • 939
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ATi Radeon R100 Series
The Radeon R100 is the first generation of Radeon graphics chips from ATI Technologies. The line features 3D acceleration based upon Direct3D 7.0 and OpenGL 1.3, and all but the entry-level versions offloading host geometry calculations to a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine, a major improvement in features and performance compared to the preceding Rage design. The processors also include 2D GUI acceleration, video acceleration, and multiple display outputs. "R100" refers to the development codename of the initially released GPU of the generation. It is the basis for a variety of other succeeding products.
  • 938
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 937
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Batteries
In electric and hybrid vehicles Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), batteries play a central role and are in the spotlight of scientific community and public opinion. Automotive batteries constitute, together with the powertrain, the main differences between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. For this reason, many decision makers and researchers wondered whether energy and environmental impacts from batteries production, can exceed the benefits generated during the vehicle’s use phase. In this framework, the purpose of the present literature review is to understand how large and variable the main impacts are due to automotive batteries’ life cycle, with particular attention to climate change impacts, and to support researchers with some methodological suggestions in the field of automotive batteries’ LCA. The results show that there is high variability in environmental impact assessment; CO2eq emissions per kWh of battery capacity range from 50 to 313 g CO2eq/kWh. Nevertheless, either using the lower or upper bounds of this range, electric vehicles result less carbon-intensive in their life cycle than corresponding diesel or petrol vehicles.
  • 937
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Non-Resonant Single-Wire Power Transmission Systems
A single-wire power transmission is an option for reducing the capital cost of power line construction by utilizing fewer conductors and fittings and lighter power transmission towers while lowering operational expenses.
  • 937
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sequrity aspects in Smart Meters
Smart meters are of the basic elements in the so-called Smart Grid. These devices, connected to the Internet, keep bidirectional communication with other devices in the Smart Grid structure to allow remote readings and maintenance. As any other device connected to a network, smart meters become vulnerable to attacks with different purposes, like stealing data or altering readings. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular to buy and plug-and-play smart meters, additionally to those installed by the energy providers, to directly monitor the energy consumption at home. This option inherently entails security risks that are under the responsibility of householders. In this paper, we focus on an open solution based on Smartpi 2.0 devices with two purposes. On the one hand, we propose a network configuration and different data flows to exchange data (energy readings) in the home. These flows are designed to support collaborative among the devices in order to prevent external attacks and attempts of corrupting the data. On the other hand, we check the vulnerability by performing two kind of attacks (denial of service and stealing and changing data by using a malware).
  • 935
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Network Protocol Design for IoT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the key technologies for IoT implementation. Research and development in IoT are progressing from the research and development in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), but still have some specific differences. Compared to WSN and MANET, IoT has a wider scope that includes the device, the communication infrastructure, and the cloud. IoT applications are more diverse. They are different from the WSN and MANET applications, which are domain specific. IoT always involves the internet (IP based network) as the point of interest, so that it often requires multiple network interfaces on the gateway side. IoT also tends to use the existing standard of communication technology infrastructure, which is already available for the internet network.
  • 935
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Viewing Angle Switchable Liquid Crystal Devices
For pure liquid crystals (LCs) system, methods for switchable viewing angle devices are divided into hybrid aligned nematic (HAN) LC cells, double cells, pixel division and three-electrode structure. Utilizing 3M light-control film and PDLC film together to create switchable anti-peeping film, PDLC is a voltage-controlled LC film that can switch between transparent and scattering, light scattering intensity of PDLC film is dependent on electric field, switchable voltage between light scattering (share mode) and transparent state (privacy mode) is approximately 5.0 V.
  • 934
  • 10 Oct 2022
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