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Topic Review
Smart Sanitation
The Toilet Board Coalition defines Smart Sanitation as a way to build resilience in cities, communities and sectors by utilizing Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies to improve the collection and monitoring of wastewater for both individualized and aggregate-level preventative health surveillance. 
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Biography
Jerome Kagan
Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 – May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist, who was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, as well as, co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute.[1][2] He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology. Kagan has shown that an infant's "temperament" is quite stable over time, in that certain be
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Michael E. Mann
Michael Evan Mann (born December 28, 1965) is an American climatologist and geophysicist,[1] currently director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, who has contributed to the scientific understanding of historic climate change based on the temperature record of the past thousand years. He has pioneered techniques to find patterns in past climate change, and to is
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing Technologies in Biosensors Production
Three-dimensional (3D) printing was born in 1986, with the publication of Chuck Hull’s patent, who invented stereolithography; it has evolved and differentiated, with the introduction of new printing techniques and numerous materials with different characteristics. 
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  • 18 Feb 2022
Biography
Robert Pohl
Robert Wichard Pohl (10 August 1884 – 5 June 1976) was a German physicist at the University of Göttingen. Nevill Francis Mott described him as the "father of solid state physics". Göttingen, City Cemetery: The gravestone of Prof. Robert Wichard Pohl and his father-in-law, Prof. Otto Wilhelm Madelung, as well as their wives, Tussa Madelung Pohl and Ottilie Franziska Madelung, and t
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Biography
Marcia Moore
Marcia Moore (May 22, 1928 – January 14, 1979[1]) was an American writer, astrologer and yoga teacher brought to national attention in 1965 through Jess Stearn's book Yoga, Youth, and Reincarnation. She was an advocate and researcher of the dissociative properties of the drug ketamine. Moore disappeared in 1979, and although her remains were found in 1981, the cause and circumstances of her de
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  • 16 Dec 2022
Biography
Clemens Winkler
Clemens Alexander Winkler (December 26, 1838 – October 8, 1904) was a German chemist who discovered the element germanium in 1886, solidifying Dmitri Mendeleev's theory of periodicity. Winkler was born in 1838 in Freiberg, Kingdom of Saxony the son of a chemist who had studied under Berzelius. Winkler's early education was at schools in Freiberg, Dresden, and Chemnitz. In 1857 he entered th
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Queensland Lungfish
The Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), also known as the Australian lungfish, Burnett salmon and barramunda, is a surviving member of the family Neoceratodontidae and order Ceratodontiformes. It is one of only six extant lungfish species in the world. Endemic to Australia , the Neoceratodontidae are an ancient family belonging to the class Sarcopterygii, or lobe-finned fishes. Fossil records of this group date back 380 million years, around the time when the higher vertebrate classes were beginning to evolve. Fossils of lungfish almost identical to this species have been uncovered in northern New South Wales, indicating that Neoceratodus has remained virtually unchanged for well over 100 million years, making it a living fossil and one of the oldest living vertebrate genera on the planet. It is one of six extant representatives of the ancient air-breathing Dipnoi (lungfishes) that flourished during the Devonian period (about 413–365 million years ago) and is the outgroup to all other members of this lineage. The five other freshwater lungfish species, four in Africa and one in South America, are very different morphologically from N. forsteri. The Queensland lungfish can live for several days out of the water, if it is kept moist, but will not survive total water depletion, unlike its African counterparts. The small settlement of Ceratodus, Queensland derives its name from that of the Queensland lungfish. The species was named in honour of the squatter and politician William Forster.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Malik Peiris
Joseph Sriyal Malik Peiris (裴偉士), ( ඡීරිස්), ( பீறிஸ்), FRS, Légion d'Honneur, was born on 10 November 1949,[1] in Sri Lanka. He is referred to in scientific publications and media reports as JSM Peiris, JS Peiris, Joseph Peiris and, most commonly, as Malik Peiris. His close family and friends prefer to use the middle name Sriyal. He is a distinguished old boy of S
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trachodon Mummy
The Trachodon mummy is a fossilized natural mummy of Edmontosaurus annectens (originally known as Trachodon annectens), a duckbilled dinosaur. One of the finest dinosaur specimens so far discovered, it was the first including a skeleton encased in skin impressions from large parts of the body. This specimen has considerably influenced the scientific conception of duckbilled dinosaurs. Skin impressions found in between the fingers have been interpreted as evidence for an aquatic lifestyle; this hypothesis is now rejected. The mummy was found by fossil hunter Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his three sons near Lusk, Wyoming, United States in 1908. Although Sternberg was working under contract to the British Museum of Natural History, Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History managed to secure the mummy.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Biography
K. A. Shaji
K A Shaji is a South India-based journalist who reports regularly on political developments, environmental issues, health, livelihood, dalit issues, tribal affairs, art, culture and developmental disparities. Travelling extensively in the most backward regions of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, he also writes on poverty, impoverishment and other different forms of rural distress. He is a regu
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Overview of Ocular Delivery Systems
Many disorders of the anterior region of the eye may be efficiently treated via topical administration; however, it is more challenging to target conventional therapeutic doses to the posterior of the eye in this manner. Thus, various nanocarriers have been created and investigated for the transport of drugs and genes to the anterior or the posterior portions of the eyes. Liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, inserts, implants, hydrogel, and emulsions are some of the most frequently utilized drug delivery systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Biography
Walter H. Schottky
Walter Hans Schottky (23 July 1886 – 4 March 1976) was a German physicist who played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena,[1] invented the screen-grid vacuum tube in 1915 while working at Siemens,[2] co-invented the ribbon microphone and ribbon loudspeaker along with Dr. Erwin Gerlach in 1924[3] and later made many significant contributions in the
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Sex Estimation Methods
Documented skeletal collections are essential in forensic and physical anthropology as they provide the means to develop methods for the estimation of various parameters of the biological profile of an individual such as sex, age at death, and stature.
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  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
5-HT2A Receptor Ligands Against Depression
According to the World Health Organization, depression is a multifactorial disorder that affects around 350 million people worldwide. The most widespread monoamine of the CNS-serotonin (5-HT) is believed to play a vital role in the pathomechanism of this condition, and the importance of the neurotransmitter is elevated by the "serotonin hypothesis", linking the presence of the depression-like symptoms with diminished 5-HT concentration in certain brain regions. Serotonin acts its biological effects via numerous receptors. Out of all seven types of serotonin receptors, the serotonin 2A receptor has been identified as a most promising molecular target valuable for the treatment of mood disorders. Recent medicinal chemistry findings on the structure and function of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor facilitated design and discovery of novel anti-depressants. 
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  • 14 Feb 2022
Biography
Francis Perrin
Francis Perrin (17 August 1901 – 4 July 1992) was a France physicist,[1] the son of Nobel prize-winning physicist Jean Perrin. Francis Perrin was born in Paris and attended École Normale Supérieure in Paris. In 1928 he obtained a doctorate in mathematical sciences from the faculté des sciences of Paris, based upon a thesis on Brownian motion[2] and became a faculty member of Collège de
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ficksburg
Ficksburg is a town situated at the foot of the 1,750 meter high Imperani Mountain in Free State province, South Africa . The town was founded by General Johan Fick in 1867 who won the territory in the Basotho Wars. He laid out many erven and plots that could be bought at a reasonable price. The town was later proclaimed a municipality in 1891. The last Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and the first State President of South Africa, Charles Robberts Swart was imprisoned here by the United Kingdom in 1914 and released one day before his scheduled execution.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reuse of Excreta
Reuse of excreta refers to the safe, beneficial use of animal or human excreta, i.e. feces and urine. Such beneficial use involves mainly the nutrient, organic matter and energy contained in human excreta, rather than the water content (as is the case for wastewater reuse). Reuse of human excreta can involve using it as a soil conditioner or fertilizer in agriculture, gardening, aquaculture, or horticultural activities. Excreta can also be used as a fuel source or as a building material. Human excreta contains resources that can be recovered: plant-available nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as micronutrients such as sulphur and organic matter. These resources which are contained in human excreta or in domestic wastewater (sewage) have traditionally been used in agriculture in many countries. They are still being used in agriculture to this day, but the practice is often carried out in an unregulated and unsafe manner in developing countries. The WHO Guidelines from 2006 have set up a framework how this reuse can be done safely by following a "multiple barrier approach". There are several "excreta-derived fertilizers" which vary in their properties and fertilizing characteristics: urine, dried feces, composted feces, faecal sludge (septage), sewage, sewage sludge, and animal manure. However, reuse of animal and human excreta can cause health risk and environmental problems because of pathogen, pharmaceutical residues and nitrate pollution. Reuse of human excreta is the final step of the sanitation chain which starts with collection of human excreta (by use of toilets) and continues with transport and treatment all the way to either disposal or reuse.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Biography
George Albert Smith
George Albert Smith (Film pioneer, 4 January 1864 – 17 May 1959) was an English stage hypnotist, psychic, magic lantern lecturer, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, inventor and a key member of the loose association of early film pioneers dubbed the Brighton School by French film historian Georges Sadoul. He is best known for his controversial work with Edmund Gurney at the Society for
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hadrosaurid
Hadrosaurids (Greek: ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick"), or duck-billed dinosaurs, are members of the ornithischian family Hadrosauridae. This group is known as the duck-billed dinosaurs for the flat duck-bill appearance of the bones in their snouts. The family, which includes ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus, was a common herbivore in the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now Asia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, and North America. Hadrosaurids are descendants of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaurs and had a similar body layout. Like the rest of the ornithischians, these animals had a predentary bone and a pubic bone which was positioned backwards in the pelvis. Hadrosaurids are divided into two principal subfamilies: the lambeosaurines (Lambeosaurinae), which had hollow cranial crests or tubes, and the saurolophines, identified as hadrosaurines in most pre-2010 works (Saurolophinae or Hadrosaurinae), which lacked hollow cranial crests (solid crests were present in some forms). Saurolophines tended to be bulkier than lambeosaurines. Lambeosaurines included the aralosaurins, tsintaosaurins, lambeosaurins and parasaurolophins, while saurolophines included the brachylophosaurins, kritosaurins, saurolophins and edmontosaurins. Hadrosaurids were facultative bipeds, with the young of some species walking mostly on two legs and the adults walking mostly on four. Their jaws were evolved for grinding plants, with multiple rows of teeth replacing each other as the teeth wore down.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
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