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Topic Review
Genetic Screening of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disease with an estimated prevalence of up to 1 in 200 individuals. In the majority of cases, HCM is considered a Mendelian disease, with mainly autosomal dominant inheritance. Most pathogenic variants are usually detected in genes for sarcomeric proteins. 
  • 563
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PET-Based Imaging in Atherosclerosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) represents a method of detecting and characterizing arterial wall inflammation, with potential applications in the early assessment of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. By portraying early-stage molecular changes, FDG-PET findings have previously been shown to correlate with atherosclerosis progression. In addition, recent studies have suggested that microcalcification revealed by 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) may be more sensitive at detecting atherogenic changes compared to FDG-PET.
  • 562
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Diseases and Pharmacomicrobiomics
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the most common cause of mortality in rich countries, include a wide variety of pathologies of the heart muscle and vascular system that compromise the proper functioning of the heart. Most of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are well-known: lipid disorders, high serum LDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, male sex and physical inactivity.
  • 562
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
TXNIP
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is a metabolism- oxidative- and inflammation-related marker induced in cardiovascular diseases and is believed to represent a possible link between metabolism and cellular redox status. TXNIP is a potential biomarker in cardiovascular and ischemic diseases but also a novel identified target for preventive and curative medicine. 
  • 560
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Acute Cerebrovascular Events
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, accumulating evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with various neurological manifestations, including acute cerebrovascular events (i.e., stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis). These events can occur prior to, during and even after the onset of COVID-19's general symptoms. Although the mechanisms underlying the cerebrovascular complications in patients with COVID-19 are yet to be fully elucidated, the hypercoagulability state, inflammation and altered angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) signaling in association with SARS-CoV-2 may play key roles. ACE-2 plays a critical role in preserving heart and brain homeostasis. As the number of published COVID-19 cases with cerebrovascular events is growing, prospective studies would help gather more valuable insights into the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular events, effective therapies, and the factors predicting poor functional outcomes related to such events in COVID-19 patients.
  • 560
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genetics of Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease
Genetic testing plays an increasing diagnostic and prognostic role in the management of patients with heritable thoracic aortic disease (HTAD). The identification of a specific variant can establish or confirm the diagnosis of syndromic HTAD, dictate extensive evaluation of the arterial tree in HTAD with known distal vasculature involvement and justify closer follow-up and earlier surgical intervention in HTAD with high risk of dissection of minimal or normal aortic size. Evolving phenotype–genotype correlations lead us towards more precise and individualized management and treatment of patients with HTAD. 
  • 560
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusion
Percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI) is a challenging procedure with high complication rates and, as not yet fully understood long-term clinical benefits. Ischemic symptom relief in patients with high ischemic burden is to date the only established clinical indication to undergo CTO PCI, supported by randomized controlled trials.
  • 559
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Angina in 2022
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and ischemic heart disease is responsible for approximately half of these deaths. Angina is the main symptom of ischemic heart disease; mirroring a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand.
  • 558
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Main Components of Exercise Rehabilitation Training for PAH
Physical activity is one of the most important modifiable factors in our lifestyle and may significantly impact the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Exercise may modulate a variety of molecular mechanisms related to proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, proteolysis, and vasodilatation. Without a doubt, exercise training (ET) is necessary in order to reverse the physical impairment that accompanies pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to maximize the benefits of pharmacotherapy without apparent clinical risk.
  • 558
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is a misperception of CVD female risk since women have commonly been considered more protected so that the real threat is vastly underestimated. Consequently, female patients are more likely to be treated less aggressively, and a lower rate of diagnostic and interventional procedures is performed in women than in men. In addition, there are substantial sex differences in CVD, so different strategies are needed.
  • 557
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Monocyte Subsets and Cardiovascular Diseases
Monocytes are known for their very important role in tissue homeostasis and the innate immune system. The repartition of the circulating monocyte subsets has been identified as a predictive prognosis marker in various cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis.
  • 557
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of HFpEF
Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an increasingly frequent form and is estimated to be the dominant form of HF. On the other hand, HFpEF is a syndrome with systemic involvement, and it is characterized by multiple cardiac and extracardiac pathophysiological alterations.
  • 557
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sudden Death Risk in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Although substantial progress has been made to prevent sudden cardiac death in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients, ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Greater survival in contemporary cohorts has been attributed to enhanced surgical techniques, more effective management of heart failure, and increased efforts in risk stratification and management of ventricular arrhythmias.
  • 555
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive disease with a poor prognosis. The pathophysiologic model is mainly characterized by an afterload mismatch in which an increased right ventricle afterload, driven by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), leads to right heart failure. International guidelines recommend optimization of treatment based on regular risk assessments to achieve or maintain a low-risk status. Current risk scores are based on a multi-modality approach, including demographic, clinical, functional, exercise, laboratory, and hemodynamic parameters, which lack significant echocardiographic parameters. The originality of echocardiography relies on the opportunity to assess in a non-invasive way a physiologically meaningful combination of easy to measure variables tightly related to right ventricle adaptation/maladaptation to increased afterload, the main determinant of a patient’s prognosis. Echo-derived morphological and functional parameters have been investigated in PAH, proving to have prognostic relevance. Different therapeutic strategies proved to have different effects in reducing PVR. An upfront combination of drugs, including a parenteral prostacyclin, has shown to be associated with right heart reverse remodeling in a greater proportion of patients than other treatment strategies as a function of PVR reduction. Adding echocardiographic data to current risk scores would allow better identification of right ventricle (RV)  adaptation in PAH patients' follow-up. This additional information would allow better stratification of the patient, leading to optimized and personalized therapeutic management.
  • 554
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
SPMs in Neonatal Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Unresolved inflammation plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases development. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs), derived from long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), enhances the host defense, by resolving the inflammation and tissue repair. In addition, SPMs also have anti-inflammatory properties. These physiological effects depend on the availability of LCPUFAs precursors and cellular metabolic balance. It would be interesting to know the role that SPMs play in relation to metabolic variables in neonatal and adult cardiovascular physiology. This could open the door to new therapeutic and nutritional intervention strategies, both in adults and neonates.
  • 554
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ultrathin-Strut Stents
Studies have shown a lower risk of very late stent thrombosis with developing second-generation DESs with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers or without polymers altogether. In addition, research has indicated that thinner struts are associated with a reduced risk of intrastent restenosis and angiographic and clinical results. A drug-eluting stents (DES) with ultrathin struts (strut thickness of 70 µm) is more flexible, facilitates better tracking, and is more crossable than a conventional second-generation DES. The question is whether ultrathin eluting drug stents suit all kinds of lesions. 
  • 554
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are proteins found in the cytosol that contribute to disorders related to the cardiovascular system, including atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Functionally, FABPs serve as intracellular lipid chaperones, interacting with hydrophobic ligands and mediating their transportation to sites of lipid metabolism.
  • 553
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Advanced and Invasive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques
Despite numerous promising innovations, the chance of survival from sudden cardiac arrest has remained virtually unchanged. Technological advances have been made, user-friendly portable devices have been developed, and advanced invasive procedures have been described that could improve this unsatisfactory situation. Technical aids, such as feedback systems or automated mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) devices, can improve chest compression quality. The latter, as well as extracorporeal CPR, might serve as a bridge to treatment (with extracorporeal CPR even as a bridge to recovery). Sonography may be used to improve thoracic compressions on the one hand and to rule out potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest on the other. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta might enhance myocardial and cerebral perfusion. Minithoracostomy, pericardiocentesis, or clamshell thoracotomy might resolve reversible causes of cardiac arrest. 
  • 552
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Interventional Cardiology of Chronic Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (HF) is classified into two types: HFrEF—heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and HFpEF—heart failure with “preserved” EF. In both the cases, increased left ventricular filling pressure impact on symptoms and on myocardial perfusion. Thus, device-based solutions were proposed to improve cardiac physiology in HF and to prevent or treat post-capillary pulmonary hypertension.
  • 552
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism to Improve Cardiac Function
Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which heart function is insufficient to meet the body’s oxygen demand. It is not a specific cardiac disorder but rather a clinical syndrome characterized by increased intracardiac pressure and/ or reduced cardiac output resulting from diverse cardiac abnormalities. Therefore, HF may be the common end stage of numerous cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, heart valve disease or a combination of these.
  • 552
  • 04 May 2023
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