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Topic Review
Stabilin-2 and Cancer Metastasis
Stabilin-2 is a systemic clearance receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA).  HA is typically enriched in the extracellular matrix of several types of cancer cells, thus, Stabilin-2 may interact with the extracellular matrix of cancer cells depending on the physiological environment of the tissue.  This is especially relevant for the liver sinusoids and lymph nodes which express high levels of Stabilin-2 and also are sites of metastases for a number of cancer types.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ISIDOG Recommendations Concerning COVID-19, Pregnancy
To properly manage pregnant patients in times of Sars-2-CoV (Covid-19) pandemics, extra knowledge, skills and organisational measures are essential. After consultation of more than 20 knowledgeble ISIDOG country responsables in Europe and worldwide, we present a comprehensive review and clear recommendation  document to guide caretakers of pregnant women in all possible aspects of the manangement.  Care of patient with, or at risk of, COVID-19 infection, requires attention to minimize the potential pathogenic effect for the mother and the offspring, but also not to spread infection to themselves, caregivers or partners. ISIDOG will adjust guidelines egularly as more information becomes available.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins
Protein-bound uremic toxins constitute approximately 25% of all currently identified uremic toxins. As a consequence of being highly bound to plasma proteins, protein-bound uremic toxins are poorly cleared by dialysis.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Delirium Treatment
The presentation of common acute diseases in older age is often referred to as "atypical”. Frequently, the symptom is neither single nor tissue- related. In most cases, the onset of symptoms and diseases is the expression of diminished reserve with failure of body-system, and imbalance of brain function. Delirium is one of the main devastating and prevalent atypical symptoms and could be considered as a geriatric syndrome. It is encompassing an array of neuropsychiatric symptoms and represents a disarrangement of the cerebral function in response to one or more stressors. The most recent definition, reported in the DSM-V, depicts delirium as a clear disturbance in attention and awareness. The deficit is to be developed in a relatively short time-period time (usually hours or days). The attention disorder must be associated with another cognitive impairment in memory, orientation, language, visual-spatial or perception abilities. For the treatment it is imperative remove potential causes of delirium, before prescribing drugs. Even a non-pharmacological approach to reduce precipitating causes should be identified and treated. When we are forced to approach the pharmacological treatment of hyperkinetic delirium in older persons, we should select highly cost-effective drugs. High attention should be devoted to the correct balance between improvement of psychiatric symptoms and occurrence of side-effects. Clinicians should be guided in the correct choice of drugs following cluster symptoms presentation, excluding drugs that potentially could produce complications rather than advantages. In this brief point-of-view, we propose a novel pharmacological flow-chart of treatment in relation to the basic clusters of diseases of the older patient admitted acutely to the hospital and in particular we emphasized “how should we do not do!”, with the intention of avoiding possible side effects of drugs used.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spinal Sarcopenia
Spinal sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder associated with loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risk of fractures and falls. In addition, spinal sarcopenia has been associated with lumbar spine disorders and osteoporosis, which renders making decisions on treatment modalities difficult. Patients with spinal sarcopenia typically exhibit lower cumulative survival, a higher risk of in-hospital complications, prolonged hospital stays, higher postoperative costs, and higher rates of blood transfusion after thoracolumbar spine surgery. Several studies have focused on the relationships between spinal sarcopenia, appendicular muscle mass, and bone-related problems—such as osteoporotic fractures and low bone mineral density—and malnutrition and vitamin D deficiency. Although several techniques are available for measuring sarcopenia, each of them has its advantages and shortcomings. For treating spinal sarcopenia, nutrition, physical therapy, and medication have been proven to be effective; regenerative therapeutic options seem to be promising owing to their repair and regeneration potential. Therefore, in this narrative review, we summarize the characteristics, detection methodologies, and treatment options for spinal sarcopenia, as well as its role in spinal disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PPARs and the Hallmarks of Cancer
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Cell-Signaling
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a class I viral fusion protein, is critical to initiating the interactions between the virus and the host cell surface receptor, facilitating viral entry into the host cell by assisting in the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Human host cells also sensitively respond to the spike protein to elicit cell signaling.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardioncology
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as a pandemic, considering its remarkable transmission speed worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPRSS2, which is a serine protease both expressed in lungs, the gastro-intestinal tract, and cardiac myocytes. Patients with COVID-19 experienced adverse cardiac events (hypertension, venous thromboembolism, arrhythmia, myocardial injury, fulminant myocarditis), and patients with previous cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of death. Cancer patients are extremely vulnerable with a high risk of viral infection and more negative prognosis than healthy people, and the magnitude of effects depends on the type of cancer, recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery and other concomitant comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome). Patients with active cancer or those treated with cardiotoxic therapies may have heart damages exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 infection than non-cancer patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TMEFF2
Transmembrane protein with an EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2 (TMEFF2) is a 374-residue long type-I transmembrane proteoglycan which is proteolytically shed from the cell surface. The protein is involved in a range of functions including metabolism, neuroprotection, apoptosis, embryonic development, onco-suppression and endocrine function. TMEFF2 is methylated in numerous cancers, and an inverse correlation with the stage, response to therapy and survival outcome has been observed. Moreover, TMEFF2 methylation increases with breast, colon and gastric cancer progression. TMEFF2 is methylated early during oncogenesis in breast and colorectal cancer, and the detection of methylated free-circulating TMEFF2 DNA has been suggested as a potential diagnostic tool. The TMEFF2 downregulation signature equals and sometimes outperforms the Gleason and pathological scores in prostate cancer. TMEFF2 is downregulated in glioma and cotricotropinomas, and it impairs the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone in glioma cells. Through binding the amyloid β protein, its precursor and derivatives, TMEFF2 provides neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease. Primary literature regarding TMEFF2 is incoherent and offers conflicting information, in particular, the oncogenic vs. onco-suppressive role of TMEFF2 in prostate cancer. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Lumpy Skin Disease
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease with a serious impact on the beef industry as it causes mortality of up to 10% and has impacts on milk and meat production, as well as fertility.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in ILDs
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are chronic irreversible pulmonary conditions with significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic approaches to ILDs are complex and multifactorial. Effective therapeutic interventions are continuously investigated and explored with substantial progress, thanks to advances in basic understanding and translational efforts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a new paradigm in diagnosis and treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. The cause is a postsynaptic defect of neuromuscular transmission, which brings, in the majority of patients, to develop autoantibodies directed against the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR).
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MDS
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders caused by sequential accumulation of somatic driver mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). MDS is characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis with cytopenia, dysplasia, inflammation, and a variable risk of transformation into secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Coronary Artery Plaques
Causing more than 1.8 million deaths a year worldwide, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents a major global health burden. It has so far been well-established that most of the plaques leading to ACS are not a result of gradual narrowing of the vessel lumen, but rather a result of sudden disruption of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Apart from various imaging modalities, multiple biomarkers were proposed to identify the presence of vulnerable plaques or plaques at different stages of remodeling. A logic behind measurement of biomarkers in blood that reflect the presence of vulnerable plaque is dual. Certain molecules could arise as a consequence of leakage from unstable plaques, whereas others could merely indicate that a patient is susceptible to the development of a vulnerable plaque as those molecules are implicated in plaque destabilization.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
MAP-Kinases Interacting Kinases
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinases (MNKs) are involved in oncogenic transformation and can promote metastasis and tumor progression, controlling the expression of specific proteins via eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) regulation, but also through other substrates. In hematological malignancies, which occupy the third place in the global cancer classification, MNK has been demonstrated to participate by regulating the transcription and expression of different proteins. Here is a short summary of the role of MNKs in hematological cancers based on studies conducted to elucidate the mechanism involved in their action, as well as the development of MNK inhibitors.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is one of a few lymphomas that primarily arise in “immune sanctuary/immune-privileged” sites. It is a rare form of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily arises in the brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges, and vitreoretinal compartment of the eye and shows no significant systemic involvement. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease inherited by an autosomal recessive mechanism and characterized by a progressive and severe multi-organ failure. Mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein cause duct obstructions from dense mucus secretions and chronic inflammation related to organ damage. The progression of the disease is characterized by a decline of lung function associated with metabolic disorders and malnutrition, musculoskeletal disorders and thoracic deformities, leading to a progressive decrement of the individual’s quality of life. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 May 2021
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Tendons are hypocellular and hypovascular tissues, and thus, their natural healing capacity is low. In this study, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to serve as a bioactive scaffold in promoting the healing of rabbit Achilles tendon injury. For in vitro study, the essence portion of PRF was determined through bioluminescent assay. Furthermore, we analyzed the time-sequential cytokines-release kinetics of PRF and evaluated their effects on tenocytes proliferation and tenogenic gene expressions. In animal study, the rabbit Achilles tendon defect was left untreated or implanted with normal/heat-denatured PRF scaffolds. Six weeks postoperatively, the specimens were evaluated through sonographic imaging and histological analysis. The results revealed significantly more activated platelets on bottom half of the PRF scaffold. Cytokine concentrations released from PRF could be detected from the first hour to six days. For the in vitro study, PRF enhanced cell viability and collagen I, collagen III, tenomodulin, and tenascin gene expression compared to the standard culture medium. For in vivo study, sonographic images revealed significantly better tendon healing in the PRF group in terms of tissue echogenicity and homogeneity. The histological analysis showed that the healing tissues in the PRF group had more organized collagen fiber, less vascularity, and minimal cartilage formation. In conclusion, bioactive PRF promotes in vitro tenocytes viability and tenogenic phenotypic differentiation. Administration of a PRF scaffold at the tendon defect promotes tissue healing as evidenced by imaging and histological outcomes.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ion Channels and Synaptic Machineries
       Abnormalities of ion channels and synaptic machineries can cause a variety of neurological diseases. Mutations in genes coding for ion channels cause paroxysmal neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Autoantibodies can also target ion channels and related proteins as well as synaptic machinery proteins to cause limbic encephalitis and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. In this brief review, we outline the physiological and molecular features of ion channels and receptors, and summarize the clinical profiles of certain channelopathies and synaptopathies. Following this background, we address two pathophysiological issues; 1) How do ion channel or synapse abnormalities lead to clinical neurological features?, and 2) Why are ion channel and synapse abnormalities limited to a specific brain area? We provide some clues to these fundamental questions.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Post-Stroke Movement with Motion Capture and Musculoskeletal Modeling
Research of post-stroke locomotion via musculoskeletal (MSK) modeling has offered an unprecedented insight into pathological muscle function and its interplay with skeletal geometry and external stimuli. Advances in solving the dynamical system of post-stroke effort and the generic MSK models used have triggered noticeable improvements in simulating muscle activation dynamics of stroke populations.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Dec 2022
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