You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Superelastic Nickel–Titanium-Based Smart Alloys
The unique characteristics of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) have attracted the attention of structural engineers worldwide. SMAs are metallic materials that can retrieve their original shape upon exposure to various temperatures or loading/unloading conditions with minimal residual deformation. SMAs have found increasing applications in the building industry because of their high strength, high actuation and damping capacities, good durability, and superior fatigue resistance. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Soil–Structure Interaction in Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls are recognized for their cost-effectiveness and superior performance as earth-retaining structures. The integration of internally reinforced walls has transformed soil preservation practices, garnering significant attention from the global technical community. The construction method of MSE walls has recently gained widespread popularity, likely due to its cost efficiency and simplicity compared to traditional externally reinforced walls.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Seismic Analysis of Slender Monumental Structures
The preservation and seismic risk mitigation of built cultural heritage is considered today as a major priority in the international political agenda. Among the great variety of heritage structures spread worldwide, masonry towers belong to one of the most vulnerable categories against earthquake actions due to their morphological and material singularity. The proper understanding of the structural behavior of these artefacts at the micro, meso and macro scales, combined with a thorough knowledge of the best analysis practices deriving from the shared experience of the scientific community working in this field, is a fundamental prerequisite to appropriately address their seismic assessment.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Temperature Effect on Vibration Properties of Bridge Structures
In civil engineering structures, modal changes produced by environmental conditions, especially temperature, can be equivalent to or greater than the ones produced by damage. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the variations in structural properties caused by environmental changes from those caused by structural damages.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
BIM-GIS-IoT-Based System
Integrate Building Information Modeling (BIM)  and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into a geographic information system (GIS) to achieve scientific and reasonable recycling for excavated soil, which could collaboratively manage information from the government, developers, construction enterprises, transportation companies, and recycling facilities to meet the requirement for the specific communication, analysis, decision-making, and recycling plan preparation of the excavation project. In addition, it provides a systematic method and applies relevant information technology required to recycle the excavated soil effectively in the excavation project. The system is intended to provide a fundamental digital construction model for excavated soil recycling, regardless of whether it is invoked by the existing application software or a program tailored to the demands of a specific organization or stakeholders. It makes excellent use of the rich information stored in digital information models, may create a mapping to the input data required by the application, or automatically convert the basic model to facilitate the specific analysis. This system can not only serve as an excavation project simulation tool before construction, but also serve as a tool to recycle the excavated soil and cost evaluation.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Data-Driven Algorithms Applied to Wave Climate Assessment
With the increasing capabilities of computational systems, reliable algorithms can be applied to a wide variety of case studies, including those found within the wave energy sector. Some of the most advanced tools are supported by Big Data and employ artificial intelligence (AI) towards estimating local wave energy resource, forecasting operational or extreme wave conditions, or filling data-gaps in wave field measurements.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Heat Stress and Decision Tools
Over the last few decades, Urban Heat Stress (UHS) has become a crucial concern of scientists and policy-makers. Many projects have been implemented to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects using nature-based solutions. However, decision-making and selecting an adequate framework are difficult because of complex interactions between natural, social, economic and built environments. This paper contributes to the UHI issue by (i) identifying the most important key factors of a Decision Support Tool (DST) used for urban heat mitigation, (ii) presenting multi-criteria methods applied to urban heat resilience, (iii) reviewing existing spatial and non-spatial DSTs, (iv) and analyzing, classifying and ranking DSTs. It aims to help decision-makers through an overview of the pros and cons of existing DSTs and indicate which tool is providing maximum support for choosing and planning heat resilience measures from the designing phase to the heat mitigation phase. This review shows that Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used for any pilot site and the criteria can be adapted to the given location accordingly. It also highlights that GIS-based spatial tools have an effective decision support system (DSS) because they offer a quick assessment of interventions and predict long-term effects of urban heat. A comparative study using specific chosen criteria concludes that the DSS tool is well suited and fulfils many prerequisites to support new policies and interventions to mitigate UHS.   
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Numerical simulation of PBL
An analytical investigation focusing on the concrete damage progress of the PBL shear connector under the influence of various lateral pressures, employing coupled RBSM and solid FEM model was carried out. The internal failure process was also clarified; the two horizontal cracks occurred near the top of the concrete dowels through the hole of the perforated steel plate, afterward, the two vertical cracks also initiated and propagated along with the shear surface. In a low lateral pressure case, the shear strength was determined by the vertical cracks propagated along with the shear surface. While as the amount of applied lateral pressure was increased, the shear strength of two vertical cracked surfaces was enhanced and the shear strength of the PBL was characterized by the occurrence of the splitting cracks and caused the splitting failure into the side concrete blocks. Moreover, the combined effects of lateral pressures and holes' diameters were also evaluated numerically and it was found that the increase in shear strength was more in large diameter case subjected to high lateral pressure because of the wide compressive regions generated around the concrete dowel.   
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Concrete-Crack Detection on Railway Sleepers
Crack inspection in railway sleepers is crucial for ensuring rail safety and avoiding deadly accidents. Traditional methods for detecting cracks on railway sleepers are very time-consuming and lack efficiency. Therefore, researchers are paying attention to vision-based algorithms, especially Deep Learning algorithms.
  • 999
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Development of a Real-World Driving Cycle
Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reached a new high in 2019. Although 2020 GHG emissions were lower than those in 2019 due to the COVID-19 crisis and associated actions, GHG concentrations in the atmosphere are continuing to rise. An improvement in on-road driving behavior that would reduce fuel consumption would benefit a huge number of motorcycle riders, resulting in significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is essential to aggregate sufficient realistic data to generate representative real-world driving cycles that can be employed reliably for fuel consumption and exhaust emission assessment in the future. 
  • 997
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fly Ash—Slag One-Part Geopolymers
One-part geopolymer concrete/mortar is a pre-mixed material made from industrial by-products and solid alkaline activators that only requires the addition of water for activation. Apart from being environmentally friendly, it also reduces complexity and improves consistency in the mixing process, leading to more efficient production and consistent material properties.
  • 997
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Characterization Specifications for FRP Pultruded Materials
Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper testing and characterization of FRP pultruded materials is key for their efficient and safe implementation. However, the existing specifications are not unified, resulting in ambiguity among stakeholders. 
  • 995
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Use of Biomaterials for Engineering Applications
The incorporation of biomaterials into concrete for engineering applications has gained significant attention due to its potential to enhance both the mechanical properties and sustainability of construction materials. 
  • 993
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Trend towards Helmet Usage
It has been observed that cyclists wearing helmets may follow zigzag patterns while wearing helmets, which may cause accidents. Moreover, it has been observed that cyclists wearing helmets may be more responsible regarding traffic rules. These problems should be considered in creating effective traffic safety campaigns and policy making.
  • 985
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Local Production Chain for Structural Timber in Sardinia
The construction sector is currently responsible for over 30% of the consumption of natural resources and the release of solid waste and pollution into the environment. This situation is even more serious in closed communities such as islands, economically highly dependent on the outside world. One of the possible interventions to reverse this trend is the use of eco-sustainable construction materials such as wood, produced through supply chains with a low environmental impact. The local production of structural elements made of locally grown timber, besides the environmental benefits linked to wood properties, would bring ecological, social, and cultural advantages, such as better forest management and new job opportunities related to timber production, processing, and construction. These aspects are of paramount importance in isolated economies such as islands and become crucial in disadvantaged regions, such as the inner parts of Sardinia, currently prone to depopulation and a decline in rural land.
  • 985
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Spatial Planning and Energy Efficiency in Urban Form
As the urban population grows, so does their energy consumption, making efficiency critical to mitigate emissions and resource use. Thus, spatial and transport planning must include energy efficiency and their strategies, as these are vital to urban sustainability. In this sense, compactness has been shown to have many positive aspects that serendipitously go much in line with Jacobs’ ideas. The urban environment is expected to host a growing number of dwellers in the coming decades, and compact urbanism is one possible solution to keep energy consumption under control while providing all the benefits of proximity.
  • 984
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
AI-Based Evaluation of Streets for People in Bangkok
Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, grapples with several urban challenges, including traffic accidents, congestion, and underdeveloped sidewalks. These issues stem from the escalating use of private cars and motorcycles driven by rapid urbanization, accompanying economic growth, and the unique street geometry of the city. Furthermore, despite the development of railroads, issues persist with the poor walking environment for pedestrian access to stations, posing a challenge to the promotion of safe and environmentally friendly public transportation. This study evaluated streets’ spatial performance, focusing on the performance of soi, the intricate network of narrow urban pathways in Bangkok. Leveraging an AI model capturing pedestrian value, this study subsequently assessed accessibility from typical residential areas to public transportation stations. The findings shed light on the challenges faced by sois in Bangkok. Based on the findings, practical implications were discussed and provided to inform urban designers, with the aim of promoting public transportation usage and encouraging a more sustainable urban form.
  • 981
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ultra-High Performance Concrete Mixtures and Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a novel cement-based material with exceptional mechanical and durability properties. Silica fume, the primary supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in UHPC, is expensive in North America, so it is often substituted with inexpensive class F fly ash. However, future availability of fly ash is uncertain as the energy industry moves toward renewable energy, which creates an urgent need to find cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to fly ash. Replacing cement, fly ash, and silica fume in UHPC mixtures with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), metakaolin, and a natural pozzolan (pumicite) are investigated. To identify acceptable UHPC mixtures (28-day compressive strength greater than 120 MPa), workability, compression, and flexural tests were conducted on all mixtures. Then, durability properties including shrinkage, frost resistance, and chloride ion permeability (rapid chloride permeability and surface resistivity tests) were evaluated for the acceptable UHPC mixtures. Results showed that 75, 100, and 40% of fly ash in the control mixture could be replaced with pumicite, metakaolin, and GGBFS, respectively, while still producing acceptable strengths. Flexural strengths were greater than 14.20 MPa for all mixtures. For durability, UHPC mixtures had shrinkage strains no greater than 406 μstrain, durability factors of at least 105, and “very low” susceptibility to chloride ion penetration, indicating that these SCMs are suitable candidates to completely replace fly ash and partially replace silica fume in non-proprietary UHPC.
  • 979
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Principles of Modularity in Timber Buildings
When facing the increasing demands of the housing market and balancing the requirements of sustainable development in the construction sector, building design methods should practise material conservation and adopt carbon reduction measures to alleviate the current environmental burden through the implementation of a circular economy approach. Volumetric modular timber design is recognised as a practical application to test the feasibility of a waste-reduced approach. 
  • 978
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Glass–fibre–reinforced Polymer
Wind barrier structures are usually installed on railway bridges to reduce wind effects on travelling trains for safety considerations. This however adversely transfers wind loads and causes associated aerodynamic effects to the bridge. An innovative concept of wind barriers using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is proposed in this work with experimental investigations and numerical modelling. This work provides a solution to mitigate the wind and associated aerodynamic loads. With an appropriate design of bending stiffness, the proposed barriers may deform adaptively in strong wind scenarios and let the wind to pass through their deformed shape and therefore transfer less load to the bridge. Wind-tunnel experiments and numerical studies are conducted on the aerodynamic responses of the train-barrier-bridge system under crosswind with various speeds. The influences of barrier height, air-flow speed and location of the train on the aerodynamic responses of the system were clarified. Both reduced-scale and full-scale finite element models were established for the train-barrier-bridge system and the results were validated with the experimental results to further support the research findings.
  • 976
  • 22 Oct 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 23
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback