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Topic Review
Sustainable Product Development
Product development techniques are still largely focused on conventional cost-profit models, with the goal of producing high-quality products at low cost and high profit. Environmental standards are primarily seen as an inescapable “must”, which adds more costs and design limits. Environmental assessments are conducted somewhat late in the product development process when using this method.
  • 868
  • 21 Nov 2022
Biography
Nikolaos Papadakis
Dr. Nikolaos Papadakis is an accomplished mechanical engineer with a strong educational background and extensive work experience. He embarked on his academic journey at the 2nd General Lyceum of Heraklion, Crete, from 1989 to 1992, where he cultivated a passion for science and engineering. Driven by his interest in the field, Dr. Papadakis pursued a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering at the Poly
  • 865
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Analytic Hierarchy Process for Smart Charging Electric Vehicles
The charge scheduling is facilitated by a heuristic algorithm, while the charging station selection mechanism is facilitated by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP).
  • 855
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Approaches of Offshore Inspection
Operators of offshore production units (OPUs) employ risk-based assessment (RBA) techniques in order to minimise inspection expenses while maintaining risks at an acceptable level. However, when human divers and workers are involved in inspections conducted at high heights, the operational risks can be significant. There has been a growing trend towards the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for inspections of offshore structures as a means to reduce exposure to human risk.
  • 848
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Surface-Modification Routes for Pool Boiling Enhancement
Surface coatings provide an efficient solution to modify boiling surfaces according to the demands of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer amelioration. The surface modification at macro-, micro-, and nanoscales is assessed concerning the underlying fluid routing and capability to eliminate the incipient boiling hysteresis and ameliorate the pool boiling heat-transfer ability, particularly when employed together with self-rewetting fluids and nanofluids with enriched thermophysical properties. Considering the nanofluids, it is viable to take the profit of their high thermal conductivity and their specific heat simultaneously and to produce a film of deposited nanoparticles onto the heating surface, which possesses enhanced surface roughness and an increased density of nucleation sites.
  • 848
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Italian Mechanism Models in Mechanisms and Machine Science
Modeling, which can be understood as the conceptualization of structural and functional characteristics, was and still is the basis of any analysis and design procedure, especially in mechanical engineering. In particular, the development of mechanical machinery, both in theory and in practice, has been and continues to be based on the development of appropriate models of various forms and insights. A historical analysis of developments for the creation and usage of models of mechanisms in academic teaching fields is presented, with the aim of re-evaluating the interest and usefulness of models in teaching and research, and of promoting their merits as a cultural heritage worthy of being preserved. The historical analysis is focused on developments in Italy, with specific attention given to physical models created and used for training young engineers in Italian engineering schools, using commercial products, but also original Italian creations.
  • 840
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
PV Based Solar Parks in India
Solar parks are well-defined areas developed in the high solar potential area, with the required infrastructure to minimize the potential threat for the developers. Land occupancy is a major concern for the solar park. The government policy mostly emphasizes the use of waste-degraded land for solar parks. In a competitive energy market, any attempt to use waste-degraded land parcels, without policy regulatory support, can bring large-scale disruptions in the quality and cost of power. 
  • 838
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metal Matrix Composite of Aluminium Using FSP Technique
Aluminium metal matrix composites have been shown to make significant contributions to the area of new materials and have become widely accepted in high-tech structural and functional applications such as those in the aircraft, automobile, marine, mineral, defence, transportation, thermal management, automotive, and sports and recreation fields. Metal matrix composites are manufactured using a variety of manufacturing processes. Stirring casting, powder metallurgy, squeezing casting, in situ processes, deposition techniques, and electroplating are part of the manufacturing process used in the manufacture of aluminium-metal matrix composites. Metal matrix composites that use friction stir processing have a distinct advantage over metal matrix composites that use other manufacturing techniques. friction stir processing (FSP)’s benefits include a finer grain, processing zone homogeneity, densification, and the homogenization of aluminium alloy and composite precipitates.
  • 828
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Structural Supercapacitors
Structural supercapacitors (SSCs) are multifunctional energy storage composites (MESCs) that combine the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers and the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors to reduce the overall mass in lightweight applications with electrical energy consumption. These novel MESCs have huge potentials, and their properties have improved dramatically since their introduction in the early 2000’s. However, the current properties of SSCs are not sufficient for complete energy supply of electrically driven devices. 
  • 827
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Primer of Plasma Agriculture
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a tunable source of reactive species and other physical factors. It exerts luxuriant biological effects on plant seeds. To date, NTP has shown promising application in modern agriculture.
  • 826
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Edge Devices for Predictive Maintenance on IMMs
A considerable part of enterprises’ total expenses is dedicated to maintenance interventions. Predictive maintenance (PdM) has appeared as a solution to decrease these costs; however, the necessity of end-to-end solutions in deploying predictive models and the fact that these models are often difficult to interpret by maintenance practitioners hinder the adoption of PdM approaches.
  • 811
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Buildings' Circular Refurbishment to Operationalize Circular Economy Policies
The current policies aimed at promoting the decarbonization of existing buildings under the principles of the circular economy are in need of practical measures tailored to local conditions to increase their effectiveness. The lack of standard practices for assessing buildings’ refurbishment strategies toward energy efficiency and CE principles reflects this reality. To tackle this issue, a new framework for refurbishing circular buildings, is proposed in this paper, based on circular procurement and incorporating a lifecycle perspective. This framework articulates a dialogue between local authorities and private stakeholders through a set of steps that encompass building mapping, selective disassembly, (re)design, and (re)build practices, providing opportunities to implement policy-based incentives.
  • 799
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids and PCMs
Nanofluids can enhance the thermal conductivity of the base fluids by up to 100%. In addition, it was also reported that the simultaneous use of PCMs and nanofluids enhances the overall, thermal, and electrical efficiencies of solar thermal energy storage systems and photovoltaic-nano-enhanced PCM systems. The capability of storing substantial quantities of latent energy of between 100 MJ/m3 and 250 MJ/m3 and energy densities of from 150 MJ/m3 to 430 MJ/m3 for organic and inorganic PCMs, respectively, makes them very promising alternatives for thermal energy storage purposes. 
  • 793
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Self-Propelled Rotary Carbide Tool
Demanding materials like hardened steel confront issues during machining owing to their poor heat conductivity, resulting in focalized high temperatures. This issue has a substantial impact on tool life because it causes an elevated incidence of tool wear, which lowers machining quality and yield. The chemical interaction of difficult-to-cut materials with tool materials culminates in tool failure that is sudden and unexpected, as well as a poor surface finish.
  • 790
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Phase Change Materials in Cold Thermal Energy Storage
Cold thermal energy storage (CTES) based on phase change materials (PCMs) has shown great promise in numerous energy-related applications. Due to its high energy storage density, CTES is able to balance the existing energy supply and demand imbalance. Given the rapidly growing demand for cold energy, the storage of hot and cold energy is emerging as a particularly attractive option.
  • 784
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Rapidly Exploring Random Tree for a Dual Manipulator
The search efficiency of a rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) can be improved by introducing a high-probability goal bias strategy. In the case of multiple complex obstacles, the high-probability goal bias strategy with a fixed step size will fall into a local optimum, which reduces search efficiency.
  • 781
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dexterity of Anthropomorphic Soft Hand
Humans possess dexterous hands that surpass those of other animals, enabling them to perform intricate, complex movements. Soft hands, known for their inherent flexibility, aim to replicate the functionality of human hands. By mimicking the shape, structure, and functionality of human hands, soft hands can partially replicate human-like movements, offering adaptability and operability during grasping tasks. 
  • 781
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Simulation-Based Development of Gradient Woven Fabrics
Tendons and ligaments are complex tissues that are necessary for movement of the human body. Ligaments connect two bones, and serve to guide and support joints, while tendons realize the transmission of forces between soft muscles and hard bones. Injuries occur very commonly, and usually due to chronic abrasion or trauma, e.g., in sports accidents. The gold standard for the treatment of such defects is the use of the patient’s own tissue, e.g., from the back muscle for shoulder tendons or from the thigh for the anterior cruciate ligament. However, autologous material is only available in limited quantities and harvesting is associated with an increased risk of complications (donor morbidity). Alternatives to autologous material are biological or synthetic implants, which, however, still have significant deficits. Thus, from a medical and economic point of view, there is a need to develop novel biomimetic (adapted to biological and structural properties of human tendons and ligaments) and long-term resorbable implants to cure defects.
  • 758
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Integration of Nanomaterials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems
The solar collector is one of the most cost-effective pieces of equipment used to harvest solar thermal energy. Two main types can be identified: (1) water-based solar collectors (WSCs), an already popular solution for preparing domestic hot water and heating, and (2) air solar collectors (ASCs), used to preheat fresh air and to dry or heat the air inside a room. Thermal energy storage applied to thermal energy storage (TSC) is studied in terms of design criteria, materials technologies, and  thermal conductivity. The potential of nanomaterial technology integration in phase change materials (PCMs) in terms of thermal performance improvements is higligted. The integration of diverse materials such as graphene, graphite, metal oxides, and carbon nanoparticles holds the potential to significantly enhance the thermal conductivity and latent heat value. However, some important aspects need to be further investigated as the highest possible percentage of nanomaterial in the mixture in order to avoid agglomeration.
  • 752
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Maxwell’s Early Unitary View of Electricity and Fluid Mechanics
In young Maxwell’s eyes, electricity, magnetism and fluid mechanics present analogies that let the first be mathematically grasped in a unitary way similarly to the latter. This entry sketches the first steps of James Clerk Maxwell’s unitary view of electromagnetism and fluid mechanics, with long-lasting effects on understanding the physical world. In his very first paper on the subject, Maxwell interpreted Faraday’s concept of lines of force of both electricity and magnetism as filaments of a flowing fluid. That is, Maxwell suggested to unify the previously distinct fields of electricity and magnetism, considering them as different aspects of the same entity, the ‘electromagnetic field’, which is mathematically described by four partial differential equations. In the literature there are several comprehensive works on Maxwell’s mature exposition of his theory; however, the aim of this entry contribution is rather more limited. Indeed, it is restricted to examining the contributions of Maxwell’s first paper towards developing the idea of electric current as the motion of an incompressible fluid. Thus, this entry highlights the strong connections of Maxwell’s epistemological view with the ‘mechanistic’ approach of the time to every aspect of physical phenomenology. For this purpose, this entry mentions some historical context surrounding the emergence of Maxwell’s innovative concepts.
  • 732
  • 25 Dec 2023
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