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Topic Review
The Early Days of Personal Solar Ultraviolet Dosimetry
In the early 1970s, environmental conservationists were becoming concerned that a reduction in the thickness of the atmospheric ozone layer would lead to increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level, resulting in higher population exposure to UV and subsequent harm, especially a rise in skin cancer. At the time, no measurements had been reported on the normal levels of solar UV radiation which populations received in their usual environment, so this lack of data, coupled with increasing concerns about the impact to human health, led to the development of simple devices that monitored personal UV exposure. 
  • 811
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pollen on Adverse Respiratory Outcomes
Respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect millions worldwide and pose a significant global public health burden. Over the years, changes in land use and climate have increased pollen quantity, allergenicity and duration of the pollen season, thus increasing its impact on respiratory disease.
  • 810
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Methylmercury, DNA, and Chromatin
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxin that can adversely affect the development of the nervous system. The molecular integrity of chromatin in the nucleus is an important target of MeHg. Low levels of MeHg trigger epigenetic mechanisms that may be involved in long-lasting and transgenerational neurotoxicity after exposure. Emerging evidence has shown that these mechanisms include histone modification, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and DNA methylation.
  • 810
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cholangiocarcinoma According to Different Etiologies
This scenario is even more complex in the context of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which encompasses an extremely heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) biliary tree. The molecular heterogeneity of CCA has been observed not only when comparing iCCA and eCCA subtypes, but also among patients with the same cancer type (inter-patient heterogeneity), and even across the different topographic regions of the tumor from the same patient (intra-patient heterogeneity).
  • 808
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Architectural Evaluation of Healthcare Facilities
The architectural design of healthcare institutions impacts patient experience and health outcomes. As the architectural landscape evolves, healthcare institutions face multifaceted challenges, ranging from demographic shifts to rapid technological advancements. Addressing these challenges necessitates innovative architectural solutions that cater to immediate healthcare needs while aligning with broader objectives of creating sustainable, efficient, and user-centric built environments.
  • 808
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alcohol Consumption Patterns
Excessive alcohol consumption has negative effects not only on the drinkers’ health but also on others around them. Alcohol consumption can be attributed to a range of demographic and social factors, namely access to alcohol outlets, age exposure, familial background, socioeconomic background, and religious influence. Easier access to the substance can be associated with the more frequent consumption of alcohol among adults, young adults, and adolescents in general, and it may be associated with higher levels of harmful consumption, as well as more harmful effects in life events for women. Adolescents exposed to alcohol at a young age, regardless of gender, drank more, but their drinking habits changed as they grew older. Family background influences alcohol dependence, including family stability, parental authority over early access to alcohol, and family lifestyle, which influences alcohol dependence, notably mother drinking tolerance and habit of consuming alcohol throughout pregnancy. The level of education, employment, type of profession, and monthly income can have an impact on alcohol consumption. There is a link between high religiosity and fewer alcohol-related problems, less binge drinking, and less alcohol consumption frequency for any gender.
  • 807
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Laxative Use in the Community
Laxatives are commonly used for self-management of constipation in the community.
  • 806
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
White-Tailed Deer Population Density and Tick-Borne Disease Risk
Spatial distributions between deer population density and human and canine tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in northeastern and southern Indiana, which are rural and mixed geographic areas. Overall, Lyme disease is more prevalent in the northwest, central-western, and southeastern counties, while ehrlichiosis is more common in the southern counties. These findings hold true across humans, canines, and deer.
  • 803
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virucidal Efficacy of Laundering
Viruses contribute significantly to the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. Although there are multiple infection routes associated with viruses, it is important to break the chain of infection and thus consider all possible transmission routes. Consequently, laundering can be a means to eliminate viruses from textiles, in clinical settings well as for domestic laundry procedures. Several factors influence the survival and inactivation of microorganisms, including viruses on hard surfaces and textiles. Therefore, textiles should be regarded as potential fomites. While in clinical and industrial settings laundry hygiene is ensured by standardized processes, temperatures of at least 60 °C and the use of oxidizing agents, domestic laundry is not well defined. Thus, the parameters affecting viral mitigation must be understood and prudently applied, especially in domestic laundering. Laundering can serve as a means to break the chain of infection for viral diseases by means of temperature, time, chemistry and mechanical action.
  • 800
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New Treatments and Challenging Nutritional Interventions of SCD
Sickle cell disease (SCD), is a congenital blood disorder characterized by considerable phenotypic diversity. It comprises a group of disorders, with sickle cell anemia (SCA) being the most prevalent and serious genotype.
  • 799
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nutritional Status of Landfill Waste Pickers
Waste pickers are an extremely vulnerable population from an occupational health perspective. In addition, their precarious income generation and fierce relative competition for “spots” on landfill sites to seek out a livelihood compromise their health seeking behaviour, yet they contribute to reduction of waste to landfill sites and environmental sustainability. Knowledge and understanding of the lived realities of waste pickers should guide service delivery planning by community nutrition and public health practitioners. 
  • 798
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity in Individuals with Down Syndrome
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic alteration in humans, resulting from the trisomy of chromosome 21. Individuals with DS are characterized by physical traits and limitations related to intellectual functioning and the development of motor skills. People with DS tend to have lower levels of physical activity (PA) than the general population, despite its benefits for health and quality of life, which could be caused by barriers such as the lack of adapted programs or knowledge on how to adapt them. 
  • 798
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Pollution and the Risk of Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic disorders are a spectrum of diseases that affect normal metabolic functioning and regulation. More than 500 metabolic disorders exist, two of the most common being diabetes mellitus and obesity. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving the interaction of genetics, lifestyle and environment. It results in excessive adipose tissue deposition and is defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. In addition, obesity is the leading cause of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by an elevated blood glucose level, a chronic hyperglycemic state caused by a combination of pancreatic β-cell loss through apoptosis and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle. By contrast, type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune attack upon pancreatic β-cells, causing an almost complete loss of insulin production and secretion. Whilst a genetic predisposition can underlie the onset of type 1 diabetes, with particular loci of interest having been identified, environmental factors may also contribute. Well-established risk factors for type 2 diabetes and obesity are a sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, insulin resistance, environmental factors and genetics.
  • 795
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Four Strategies to Prevent Metabolic Syndrom
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of biochemical and physical conditions associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases. Excess abdominal fat is most closely associated with metabolic risk factors and is most likely the initiating factor of risk factor clustering in MetS. These risk factors, namely, impaired blood glucose, dyslipidaemia, and raised blood pressure, are symptoms of metabolic chaos inside the body.
  • 794
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Concussion Guidelines in Amateur Sports
It is widely recognised in sports medicine that sports-related concussion (SRC) is one of the most difficult injuries to detect, with more needed to be done to recognise, remove and treat athletes with the condition
  • 792
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dyslexia
Developmental dyslexia is a common complex neurodevelopmental disorder that persists well into adulthood and, thus, could have lifelong detrimental effects. Dyslexia has been defined as “deficient literacy acquisition despite adequate intellectual ability and sufficient educational exposure”.  It can be looked  from latest neuroscientific models.
  • 789
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Air Pollution on Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Asthma
Redox regulation participates in the control of various aspects of metabolism. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species participate in many reactions under physiological conditions. When these species overcome the antioxidant defense system, a distressed status emerges, increasing biomolecular damage and leading to functional alterations. Air pollution is one of the exogenous sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) is important because of its complex composition, which includes transition metals and organic compounds. Once in contact with the lungs’ epithelium, PM components initiate the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, macrophage activation, modulation of gene expression, and the activation of transcription factors, which are all related to the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, including cancer. 
  • 788
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Racial Disparities and Respiratory Infectious Diseases in USA
In the U.S., racial disparities are present among children, with Hispanic and Black children carrying the burden of infectious respiratory disease occurrence. Several factors are contributory to these outcomes among Hispanic and Black children, including higher rates of poverty; higher rates of chronic conditions, such as asthma and obesity; and seeking care outside of the home. However, vaccinations can be used to reduce the risk of infection among Black and Hispanic children. Whether a child is very young or a teen, racial disparities are present in occurrence rates of infectious respiratory diseases, with the burden resting among minorities. Therefore, it is important for parents to be aware of the risk of infectious diseases and to be aware of resources, such as vaccines.
  • 787
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
The emergence of new variants of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated with varying infectivity, pathogenicity, diagnosis, and effectiveness against treatments challenged the overall management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 
  • 785
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Important Weapons against AMR in Sub Saharan Africa
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global health threats facing humanity, and the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the heavily affected regions due to its weak health systems and limited resources. Due to an escalating number of AMR pathogens and the scarcity of new antimicrobials, efforts in the prevention of infections and the search for alternative treatment options are ongoing. The highlighted weapons against AMR include vaccines, education and awareness, infection prevention and control (IPC) using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), alternative treatment options, the One Health (OH) approach, AMR surveillance, operational national action plans (NAPs) on AMR, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, and good governance and regulations. Despite not being used at a satisfactory level in SSA, advanced techniques in dealing with AMR in SSA include (i) metagenomics, (ii) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in AMR surveillance to track resistance trends and know when to intervene, and (iii) use of artificial intelligence in AMR prediction based on genomics data. 
  • 783
  • 26 Apr 2023
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