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Topic Review
Strategy and Cognitive Capacity
There is little consensus about the underlying parameters of human reasoning. Two major theories have been proposed that suppose very different mechanisms. The mental model theory proposes that people use working memory intensive processes in order to construct limited models of problem parameters. Specifically, a recently developed diagnostic questionnaire has identified two major categories of reasoners: Counterexample reasoners use a mental model form of processing, while Statistical reasoners use a probabilistic form of processing. Strategy use correlates with performance on very different kinds of thinking, such as contingency judgments, processing of negative emotions, or susceptibility to social biases.
  • 509
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Relationship between Occupational Stress, Mental Health and COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic led to serious psychological consequences that negatively affect workers’ mental health, leading to post-traumatic symptoms. In this scenario, employees may be exposed to multiple stressors that ultimately drain their resources. 
  • 499
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic and Families’ Emotional Wellbeing
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many enduring changes in the everyday life of families, with negative effects on parents’ and children’s wellbeing. It is well known that the pandemic impacted lives for many months worldwide, with implications that are still present even if the emergency is almost over. Coping strategies refer to the regulatory processes people used to manage their emotions and behaviors under stress. They are multidimensional and have different functions that enable a person to adapt to the environment. Coping strategies include controlling one’s emotional state by acting on it, self-regulation, and strategies aimed at gaining control of one’s emotional state by acting externally, other-regulation.
  • 499
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Understanding Perceptions of Leaders by Video Vignettes
Video vignettes are one form of virtualized vignettes that may build upon traditional text vignettes and enable research participants to see and experience a unique scenario that is better translated visually rather than through a written text. 
  • 486
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Computerized Memory Assisting Technologies
According to the World Health Organization, people suffering from dementia exhibit a serious decline in various cognitive domains and especially in memory.  Two options are available for dementia treatment: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Cognitive training is an intervention method that employs structured (usually repetitive) exercises aimed at improving or maintaining mental function. Advances in technology have led to the emergence of computerized cognitive training (CCT).
  • 474
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Death Anxiety and Students’ Perceptions of Online Learning
Death anxiety and negative affect (NA) have become increasingly relevant because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The constant reminders of mortality through mass media and social media have contributed to this trend. Simultaneously, students have experienced a sudden and radical shift from face-to-face to online teaching, reducing direct human interactions and increasing anxiety. Death anxiety is often associated with mental illnesses and maladaptive mood states such as depression, anxiety, and NA. 
  • 472
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Social Function of Emotional Contagion
The way to establish intimate social bonds is usually embedded in daily interactions, especially emotional interaction. Our emotions are often spontaneously influenced by others during an interaction. Researchers have broadly defined the phenomenon of emotion transferring from expressers to observers as “emotional contagion”. Emotional contagion is considered functional, as it facilitates interpersonal understanding, closeness, and coordination. Evidence supporting the social functioning perspective has revealed an association between emotional contagion and the quality of social bonds. 
  • 465
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Strength Use and Well-Being at Work among Teachers
Teachers’ well-being at work is an important indicator of their mental health. Strengths use has been identified as a significant predictor of enhanced well-being at work.
  • 463
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
PTSD of Sexual Minority Survivors of Sexual Assault
Sexual and gender minorities experience sexual assault at a higher rate than their heterosexual counterparts and PTSS and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common adverse health outcomes of sexual violence. Several risk factors have been associated with PTSS and PTSD, all of which are prevalent among individuals who identify as a sexual or gender minority. 
  • 461
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Presenteeism and Burnout in Nurses: A Review of the Literature
Presenteeism, characterized by going to work sick, has become increasingly prevalent in nursing, a profession with high social and interpersonal demands. It is associated with a deterioration of the health of nurses, a reduction in the excellence of care, and a decrease in safety for users. Burnout is related to stress and mental overload and is characterized by exhaustion and fatigue. Objective: To map the evidence on the relationship between presenteeism and burnout in nurses. Methods: A literature review was carried out using the EBSCOHost Research search engine in various databases. Eight studies were selected and analyzed. Results: The studies identify a consistent relationship between burnout and presenteeism in nurses. Emotional exhaustion, resulting from burnout, can lead nurses to go to work despite being ill, due to a sense of responsibility, ethical duty, or organizational pressures. Most studies are cross-sectional, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships and identify specific interventions to reduce burnout-related presenteeism in nursing. Conclusions: It is essential to invest in health management policies for nurses to reduce burnout and minimize the consequences of presenteeism.
  • 424
  • 03 Jul 2025
Topic Review
System Dynamics-Based Interactive Learning Environment for Formative (Self-)Assessment
An online system dynamics-based interactive learning environment (ILE) can be designed to assess the trainees' capabilities, in accordance with the formative assessment paradigm. Through a simulated business environment, trainees have the opportunity to virtually manage their own company (system) while taking on various roles that mirror real-life scenarios related to the phenomenon analyzed by the ILE. The ILE has a feature that allows the assessment of such capabilities by measuring key indicators that determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency of their decision-making when running a firm within a specific operational context. From this standpoint, implementing a practical approach that enables trainees to confidently evaluate their capabilities in a protected environment (simulations) would produce the following different benefits for them: a) Personalized Learning: Interactive learning environments can adapt to suit trainees' individual learning styles, making the learning experience more personalized and effective; b) Interactive Learning Experience: Interactive learning environments offer learners the opportunity to engage actively in the learning process, facilitating better retention of knowledge; c) Real-time Feedback: Interactive learning environments provide learners with instant feedback, which helps them to identify gaps in their knowledge and improve immediately; d) Collaborative Learning: Interactive learning environments encourage learners to work collaboratively, which has proven benefits for memory retention and enhanced peer learning.
  • 411
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Resilience, Adversity, and Social Supports in Childhood and Adolescence
More than 50 years ago, children were viewed as naturally resilient and often labeled invulnerable or invincible. Resilience is now understood to be the result of dynamic interactions between individual, familial, social, and environmental systems, decentralizing the focus from the individual to the global society. Experiences with adversity may emanate from the youth’s family environment, their community, the school system, and larger structural challenges related to poverty, discrimination, health disparities, and educational inequities. Youth experiences with adversity, trauma, and tragedy have the potential to negatively impact youth well-being, with consequences manifesting across the lifespan. Children and adolescents generally hold limited power to change their circumstances and are often ill-equipped to resolve the adverse or traumatic experiences occurring within their ecosystem. The value of social supports in the young person’s ability to be resilient has been affirmed. This understanding is particularly important for children growing up in poverty or in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) where significant challenges occur as a result of economic and social disadvantage. Resilience at the individual level is unlikely to eliminate macrolevel issues. Developing and deploying strategies to enhance the ability of youth to rebound from adversity represents a positive step at the micro level, but the larger issues of economic and social disadvantage are unlikely to change without macro-level interventions. Glancing toward the future, traumatized youth may grow into traumatized adults without appropriate interventions and changes in social policies, programs, and protections.
  • 351
  • 29 Jul 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Scoping Review of Psychometric Instruments Measuring Teachers’ Resilience
Over the past two decades, rising concerns about teacher stress and professional sustainability have fueled the development of instruments assessing teacher resilience. This review aims to map the existing resilience assessment tools specifically designed for educators, evaluating their theoretical frameworks, psychometric soundness, and contextual relevance. Twelve instruments were analyzed through an extensive literature review of peer-reviewed studies published over the past twenty years, including general, preservice, EFL, and teacher-specific scales for special education. Findings reveal a progression from early instruments emphasizing intrapersonal traits to current tools incorporating ecological and contextual dimensions. While several scales demonstrate satisfactory reliability and cross-cultural applicability, many still suffer from conceptual limitations, insufficient cultural adaptation, or marginal psychometric robustness. This review concludes that despite significant advances, future research must prioritize culturally grounded frameworks, broader subgroup validation, and advanced psychometric methodologies to ensure accurate, inclusive, and practical assessments of teacher resilience across diverse educational settings.
  • 346
  • 01 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Structural and Process Quality in Early Childhood Education
This article demonstrates the contribution that the theory of regulatory compliance makes as a unifying framework for child care and early education structural and process quality.
  • 304
  • 09 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Licensing Measurement and Monitoring Systems
In the realm of human services regulatory administration, ensuring compliance with licensing requirements is crucial for maintaining quality standards and safeguarding the well-being of individuals receiving care. As regulatory agencies strive to enhance their oversight and monitoring capabilities, the integration of measurement and monitoring systems has emerged as a valuable tool. This paper explores the significance of licensing measurement and monitoring systems and delves into the application of regulatory science in the context of human services regulatory administration. It will deal with several issues related to this topic and expand its content beyond early care and education which has been more of the focus previously.
  • 258
  • 06 May 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Schema Therapy in Collectivist Societies: Understanding Japanese Narcissism, Armor Mode, and the Demanding Community Mode
Japanese narcissism refers to a culturally embedded form of narcissistic personality that emerges within collectivist societies, particularly in Japan, where self-worth is maintained through emotional over-adaptation, perfectionism, self-sacrifice, and conformity to internalized moral obligations. Within the framework of Schema Therapy, this construct is characterized by dominant coping modes, such as Armor mode and Demanding Community mode, that suppress vulnerable emotional states and promote socially sanctioned compliance. Although narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been extensively studied in individualistic Western cultures, its manifestation in collectivist cultures remains underexplored. Japanese narcissism offers a culturally contextualized model that integrates psychoanalytic and Schema Therapy perspectives to explain thin-skinned narcissistic vulnerability, disguised as adaptive functioning. Clinical observations and case analyses indicate that patients often develop Armor mode (fusing Detached Protector and Perfectionistic Over-controller functions) and Demanding Community mode (internalizing collective moral expectations). These adaptive-appearing modes mask core maladaptive schemas—Emotional Deprivation, Defectiveness/Shame, Enmeshment, and Self-Sacrifice—while being mistaken for mature or healthy functioning. Historically, such patterns have been reinforced by moral-collectivist ideals, exemplified by the Imperial Rescript on Education, which valorized loyalty, endurance, and self-denial. Japanese narcissism may therefore represent a culturally specific clinical configuration, suggesting the need for contextually adapted Schema Therapy interventions that recognize both the harmony-preserving and narcissism-reinforcing functions of adaptive behavior. This framework contributes to the cross-cultural extension of Schema Therapy by theorizing how narcissistic structures manifest in collectivist societies, and highlights the need for empirical validation of culturally sensitive treatment protocols.
  • 246
  • 20 Oct 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Stress-Preventive Management Competencies
Work-related stress is a critical issue that demands prevention strategy and continuous monitoring due to its widespread influence on workers, businesses, and the global economy. The primary drivers of employees’ work-related stress are psychosocial risks, which arise when key work characteristics—such as job demands, autonomy, or role clarity—are mismanaged, leading to harmful consequences. Conversely, effectively managing these factors can promotes well-being and performance. Supervisors play a central role in this dynamic process of either mitigating or exacerbating psychosocial working conditions. As such, stress-preventive management competencies (SPMCs) are essential for promoting employee and organisational health. SPMCs refer to a set of supervisory behaviours—including planning, organising, setting objectives, and creating and monitoring systems—that contribute to a positive perception of the psychosocial work environment among employees. This entry, by approaching the existing literature on work stress models, psychosocial perspectives, and related management competencies frameworks, aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SPMCs, identifying key insights and proposing directions for future research.
  • 204
  • 14 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Uncertainty-Certainty Matrix Logic Model and Algorithms (UCMLMA)
Introduces the Uncertainty-Certainty Matrix Logic Model and Algorithms for making human services licensing decisions and avoiding inspection bias and reliability/validity errors.
  • 196
  • 03 Jun 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Psychological and Neurological Legacy of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Social Distancing Shaped Long-Term Behavioral Patterns
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in persistent alterations in social cognition, trust, and behavior because of its long-term psychological and neurological effects. By conditioning individuals to associate proximity with risk, the pandemic-induced psychological distance has reshaped human interactions. This distance is enforced through social distancing and public health measures. Ultimately, this process has impacted societal cohesion, interpersonal relationships, and workplace behaviors by reinforcing avoidance behaviors, heightened social anxiety, and altering trust dynamics. An interdisciplinary approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, and social science is necessary to comprehend these changes to address the challenges of re-establishing pre-pandemic norms.
  • 122
  • 20 May 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Functional Analysis in Clinical Settings
Functional analysis is a methodology used within the field of Behavioral Analysis to explain, predict, and influence behavior. This is achieved by identifying the functional relationships between behavior, the antecedent stimuli that elicit or evoke behavior, and the consequences of behavior that influence its future occurrence. Within this context, a functional relationship refers to a consistent and observable change in behavior (the “dependent variable”) that results from the systematic manipulation of environmental conditions (the “independent variables”). Functional analyses typically focus on the immediate environmental context, where stimuli functionally related to the behavior are observed. In applied and clinical settings, however, behavior analysts may consider additional variables (e.g., genetic predispositions, social context, learning history) to enhance the accuracy and relevance of their analyses. These variables are usually controlled for or excluded in experimental settings but can play a meaningful role in naturalistic behavior assessment.
  • 100
  • 11 Oct 2025
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