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Topic Review
Hybrid Systems for Tissue Engineering
Biomimetic Hybrid Systems for Tissue Engineering: New Materials and Fabrication Techniques. Tissue engineering approaches appear nowadays highly promising for the regeneration of injured/diseased tissues. Biomimetic scaffolds are continuously been developed to act as structural support for cell growth and proliferation as well as for the delivery of cells able to be differentiated, and also of bioactive molecules like growth factors and even signaling cues. The current research concerns materials employed to develop biological scaffolds with improved features as well as complex preparation techniques. In this work, hybrid systems based on natural polymers are discussed and the efforts focused to provide new polymers able to mimic proteins and DNA are extensively explained.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
AUV Adaptive Sampling Methods
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are unmanned marine robots that have been used for a broad range of oceanographic missions. They are programmed to perform at various levels of autonomy, including autonomous behaviours and intelligent behaviours. Adaptive sampling is one class of intelligent behaviour that allows the vehicle to autonomously make decisions during a mission in response to environment changes and vehicle state changes. Having a closed-loop control architecture, an AUV can perceive the environment, interpret the data and take follow-up measures. Thus, the mission plan can be modified, sampling criteria can be adjusted, and target features can be traced.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Myofibrillar Myopathy
Myofibrillar myopathy is part of a group of disorders called muscular dystrophies that affect muscle function and cause weakness. Myofibrillar myopathy primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. In some cases, the heart (cardiac) muscle is also affected.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Eph Receptor Family
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family is activated by binding to their cognate ephrin ligands and represents important components of signalling pathways involved in animal development.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cold-Shock Domains
The cold-shock domain has a deceptively simple architecture but supports a complex biology. Cold-shock domains in human proteins are often associated with natively unfolded protein segments and more rarely with other folded domains. Human proteins containing cold-shock domains bind single-stranded DNA and/or RNA and serve a large variety of roles in regulating transcription, DNA-damage repair, RNA splicing, translation, stability and sequestration.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccination
The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cell Suspension of Eysenhardtia platycarpa
Eysenhardtia platycarpa (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Mexico. Biotechnological studies of its use are lacking. The objective of this work was to establish a cell suspension culture (CSC) of E. platycarpa, determine the phytochemical constituents by spectrophotometric and gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) methods, evaluate its antifungal activity, and compare them with the intact plant. Friable callus and CSC were established with 2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid plus 0.1 mg/L kinetin. The highest total phenolics of CSC was 15.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and the total flavonoids content ranged from 56.2 to 104.1 µg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight. The GC‒MS analysis showed that the dichloromethane extracts of CSC, sapwood, and heartwood have a high amount of hexadecanoic acid (22.3–35.3%) and steroids (13.5–14.7%). Heartwood and sapwood defatted hexane extracts have the highest amount of stigmasterol (~23.4%) and β-sitosterol (~43%), and leaf extracts presented β-amyrin (16.3%). Methanolic leaf extracts showed mostly sugars and some polyols, mainly D-pinitol (74.3%). Compared with the intact plant, dichloromethane and fatty hexane extracts of CSC exhibited percentages of inhibition higher for Sclerotium cepivorum: 71.5% and 62.0%, respectively. The maximum inhibition for Rhizoctonia solani was with fatty hexane extracts of the sapwood (51.4%). Our study suggests that CSC extracts could be used as a possible complementary alternative to synthetic fungicides.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas and Herbicide Resistance
The rapid increase in herbicide-resistant weeds creates a huge challenge to global food security because it can reduce crop production, causing considerable losses. Combined with a lack of novel herbicides, cultivating herbicide-resistant crops becomes an effective strategy to control weeds because of reduced crop phytotoxicity, and it expands the herbicidal spectrum. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-mediated genome editing techniques enable efficiently targeted modification and hold great potential in creating desired plants with herbicide resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plain Urban Water Transparency Prediction
Water transparency is commonly used to indicate the combined effect of hydrodynamics and the aquatic environment on water quality throughout a river network. However, how water transparency responds to these indicators still needs to be explored, especially their complicated nonlinear relationship; thus, this study represents an analysis of the Suzhou civil river network. Using an artificial neural network (ANN) hydrological model and a multiple linear model (MLR) with in-situ data between 2013–2019, we investigated the Suzhou River’s sensitivity to the six factors and water transparency, which including flow velocity and data from five categories of water-quality monitoring data: total suspended matter (TSS), water temperature (TE), dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll (Chl) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results suggest that the ANN model can achieve better performance than the MLR model. Furthermore, results also show a well-established correlation between enhanced hydrodynamics and improved water transparency when the flow velocity ranged from 0.22 to 0.45 m/s. Overall, COD is a vital factor for the SD prediction because including the COD can see a notable improvement in the ANN model (with a correlation coefficient of 0.918). This study demonstrates that the ANN model with hydrodynamic and water quality parameters can achieve a better prediction of water transparency than other discussed models for a coastal plain urban river network. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Textile Dye Biodecolorization by MnP
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is an oxidoreductase with ligninolytic activity and is a promising biocatalyst for the biodegradation of hazardous environmental contaminants, and especially for dye wastewater decolorization.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Zuotin-Related Factor 1
Recently, Zuotin-related factor 1 (ZRF1), an epigenetic regulator, was found to be involved in transcriptional regulation. In animals and humans, ZRF1 specifically binds to monoubiquitinated histone H2A through a ubiquitin-binding domain and derepresses Polycomb target genes at the beginning of cellular differentiation. In addition, ZRF1 can work as a tumor suppressor. According to bioinformatics analysis, ZRF1 homologs are widely found in plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Gluten Free Wheat
Gluten proteins, major determinants of the bread-making quality of wheat, are related to several digestive disorders. Advances in plant genetic breeding have allowed the production of wheat lines with very low gliadin content through the use of RNAi and gene editing technologies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ramadan Fasting and Offspring Health
Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam, during which fasting is obligatory for all healthy individuals. Although pregnant women are exempt from this Islamic law, the majority nevertheless choose to fast. The association between Ramadan fasting and health outcomes of offspring is not supported by strong evidence. To further elucidate the effects of Ramadan fasting, larger prospective and retrospective studies with novel designs are needed. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines in Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune dermatosis of which the pathogenesis remains scarcely known. A wide variety of clinical studies have been proposed to investigate the immune mediators which have shown the most recurrency.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plasmalogen Replacement Therapy
Plasmalogens, a subclass of glycerophospholipids containing a vinyl-ether bond, are one of the major components of biological membranes. Changes in plasmalogen content and molecular species have been reported in a variety of pathological conditions ranging from inherited to metabolic and degenerative diseases. Most of these diseases have no treatment, and attempts to develop a therapy have been focusing primarily on protein/nucleic acid molecular targets. However, recent studies have shifted attention to lipids as the basis of a therapeutic strategy. In these pathological conditions, the use of plasmalogen replacement therapy (PRT) has been shown to be a successful way to restore plasmalogen levels as well as to ameliorate the disease phenotype in different clinical settings.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Impacts of Blue Economy on Deep-Sea Ecosystem Services
The deep-sea is the most extensive environment on the Earth and is defined as the water column and seafloor below 200 m water depth. The ecosystem services (E.S.) concept comprises ecological functions (e.g., climatic adaptation) and social and economic values (e.g., food security, job creation) that promote human well-being. Deep-sea E.S. comprise the provisioning of services such as industrial agents and fish catch, regulating services such as climatic and biological regulation, and cultural services such as aesthetics and inspiration for the arts. Several studies have shown that deep-sea ecosystems support a large variety of habitats and a wide array of faunal communities with various functions. These complex communities are threatened by the growth of human activities targeting precisely these provided ecosystem services.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Extremophilic Fungi from Marine Environments
Marine environments are underexplored terrains containing fungi that produce a diversity of natural products given unique environmental pressures and nutrients. While bacteria are commonly the most studied microorganism for natural products in the marine world, marine fungi are also abundant but remain an untapped source of bioactive metabolites. Given that their terrestrial counterparts have been a source of many blockbuster antitumor agents and anti-infectives, including camptothecin, the penicillins, and cyclosporin A, marine fungi also have the potential to produce new chemical scaffolds as leads to potential drugs. Fungi are more phylogenetically diverse than bacteria and have larger genomes that contain many silent biosynthetic gene clusters involved in making bioactive compounds. However, less than 5% of all known fungi have been cultivated under standard laboratory conditions. While the number of reported natural products from marine fungi is steadily increasing, their number is still significantly lower compared to those reported from their bacterial counterparts.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of Road Noise Policies
Developing innovative noise policies that build on international best practices is difficult when policies around the world differ along many dimensions, ranging from different sources covered to different levels of governance involved. This is particularly critical in the context of road traffic, identified as one of the main culprits leading to noise-associated complaints and health issues. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Analogies of Preeclampsia and COVID-19
Preeclampsia is an obstetric pathology that, surprisingly, resembles the pathology of COVID-19. Both diseases are characterized by significant alterations in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS-mediated mechanisms may explain their primary clinical-pathological features, which are suggestive of an underlying microvascular dysfunction, with induction of vasculopathy, coagulopathy, and inflammation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Materials for the Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials
It is well known that with the increasing issues of climate change, waste management and unstoppable resource exhaustion, politics and research efforts need to be combined in the search for new materials and sources that can replace fossil fuels and non-renewable resources currently in use, which besides generally include hazardous/toxic manufacture protocols and problematic end-of-life. It is at this point that lignocellulosic sources can play a fundamental role as a consequence of their natural origin, ubiquitous production all over the world, minimum carbon footprint and the interesting properties of their main components.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2022
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