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Topic Review
Parental Phubbing and Children’s Electronic Media Use
In this digital age, where parental attention is often diverted by digital engagement, the phenomenon of “parental phubbing,” defined as parents ignoring their children in favor of mobile devices, is scrutinized for its potential impact on child development. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Discourse of Courtly Love in Medieval Verse Narratives
This entry explores the vast field of courtly love poetry, romance, and other related genres, tracing the development of this topic across medieval Europe and discussing some of the major contributors. The focus rests on the element of discourse because so many different poets have made their voices heard and debated from many different perspectives the meaning, impact, and consequence of courtly love on the individual in ethical, social, moral, religious, economic, and even political terms. Courtly love is to be understood as a literary discourse on the mostly esoteric pursuit of love as a way of life for members of the high medieval aristocracy, finding vivid expression in poetry, short verse narratives, and romances.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Pancreatic Stellate Cells
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is characterized by an overall poor prognosis and a five-year survival that is less than 10% due to late diagnosis, aggressive disease progression, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. A large proportion of a pancreatic tumor is made up of stromal fibroblasts, the pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs, also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts – CAFs). Increasing evidence indicates that PSCs contribute to the overall tumor progression, drug resistance, and metabolic rewiring in PDAC.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fresh osteochondral allograft for knee Osteochondritis Dissecans
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is an incompletely understood joint disorder affecting a broad spectrum of patients, but is most prevalent in adolescents and young adults. It is the end result of the aseptic separation of an osteochondral fragment with the gradual fragmentation of the articular surface and results in an osteochondral defect. The incidence of OCD is estimated to be approximately 15 to 30 per 100,000 patient-years. OCD lesions are most frequently seen in the knee. Reconstructive techniques for OCD of the knee are typically necessary when either non-operative or reparative/regenerative operative treatments fail, or when the OCD is irreversible. Although a limited number of low-level evidence studies concening the use of fresh osteochondral allograft in the treatment of the OCD as reconstructive technique are available in previous research, satisfactory clinical results and survival rates of the reconstruction are reported.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SERVQUAL Method as an “Old New” Tool
The SERVQUAL model, which is a research tool, determines the relative impact of five dimensions, namely, tangibility, reliability, responsibility, confidence, and empathy, on customer perception. In the medical field, an efficient identification of errors in the process of creating and providing services is conducive to high quality. The SQ method basically refers to gap 5, the last one in the above list, combining service quality design from the customer’s point of view, where the customer is also the service provider. Service evaluation is carried out by means of a questionnaire/survey, dedicated to this method and regarded as a measurement tool. The Servqual method enables to learn the patient's expectations, while the service provider can identify irregularities and implement corrections. It allows the executive staff of medical facilities to change elements of medical procedures, which improves the quality of the service provided and thus increases satisfaction and compliance of patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Innovating the Construction Life Cycle through BIM/GIS Integration
The construction sector is in continuous evolution due to the digitalisation and integration into daily activities of the building information modelling approach and methods that impact on the overall life cycle. This study investigates the topic of BIM/GIS integration with the adoption of ontologies and metamodels, providing a critical analysis of the existing literature. Ontologies and metamodels share several similarities and could be combined for potential solutions to address BIM/GIS integration for complex tasks, such as asset management, where heterogeneous sources of data are involved. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
First-Line Randomized Clinical Trials of ALK-Is
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation amounts to around 3–7% of all non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). The clinical features of ALK+ NSCLC are an adenocarcinoma histology, younger age, limited smoking history, and brain metastases. The activity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is modest in ALK+ disease. Several randomized trials have proven that ALK inhibitors (ALK-Is) have greater efficacy with respect to platinum-based chemotherapy and that second/third generation ALK-Is are better than crizotinib in terms of improvements in median progression-free survival and brain metastases management.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Parthenogenesis in Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha
Insects are renowned for their remarkable diversity of reproductive modes. Among these, the largest non-holometabolous order, Hemiptera, stands out with one of the most diversified arrays of parthenogenesis modes observed among insects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanocrystalline Doped Diamond for Photocatalytic
Nitrogen impurity has been introduced in diamond film to produce a nitrogen vacancy center (NV center) toward the solvated electron-initiated reduction of N2 to NH3 in liquids, giving rise to extend the wavelength region beyond the diamond’s band. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrate the formation of the nanocrystalline nitrogen-doped diamond with an average diameter of ten nanometers. Raman spectroscopy and PhotoLuminescence (PL) spectrum show characteristics of the NV0 and NV− charge states. Measurements of photocatalytic activity using supraband (λ < 225 nm) gap and sub-band gap (λ > 225 nm) excitation show the nitrogen-doped diamond significantly enhanced the ability to reduce N2 to NH3 compared to the polycrystalline diamond and single crystal diamond (SCD). Our results suggest an important process of internal photoemission, in which electrons are excited from negative charge states into conduction band edges, presenting remarkable photoinitiated electrons under ultraviolet and visible light. Other factors, including transitions between defect levels and processes of reaction, are also discussed. This approach can be especially advantageous to such as N2 and CO2 that bind only weakly to most surfaces and high energy conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Indoor Electronic Travel Aid for Visually Impaired Individuals
Most navigation aids for visually impaired individuals require users to pay close attention and actively understand the instructions or feedback of guidance, which impose considerable cognitive loads in long-term usage. The “Aerial Guide Dog”, a helium balloon aerostat drone designed for indoor guidance, which leverages gentle tugs in real time for directional guidance, ensuring a seamless and intuitive guiding experience. The introduced Aerial Guide Dog has been evaluated in terms of directional guidance and path following in the pilot study, focusing on assessing its accuracy in orientation and the overall performance in navigation.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urban-Scale Physics-Based Building Energy Modeling
Urban building energy modeling (UBEM) is a practical approach in large-scale building energy modeling for stakeholders in the energy industry to predict energy use in the building sector under different design and retrofit scenarios. UBEM is a relatively new large-scale building energy modeling (BEM) approach which raises different challenges and requires more in-depth study to facilitate its application. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prokaryotic Amyloids in Interspecies Interactions
Amyloids are fibrillar protein aggregates with an ordered spatial structure called “cross-β”. While some amyloids are associated with development of approximately 50 incurable diseases of humans and animals, the others perform various crucial physiological functions. The greatest diversity of amyloids functions is identified within prokaryotic species where they, being the components of the biofilm matrix, function as adhesins, regulate the activity of toxins and virulence factors, and compose extracellular protein layers. Amyloid state is widely used by different pathogenic bacterial species in their interactions with eukaryotic organisms. These amyloids, being functional for bacteria that produce them, are associated with various bacterial infections in humans and animals. Thus, the repertoire of the disease-associated amyloids includes not only dozens of pathological amyloids of mammalian origin but also numerous microbial amyloids. Although the ability of symbiotic microorganisms to produce amyloids has recently been demonstrated, functional roles of prokaryotic amyloids in host–symbiont interactions as well as in the interspecies interactions within the prokaryotic communities remain poorly studied. Here, we summarize the current findings in the field of prokaryotic amyloids, classify different interspecies interactions where these amyloids are involved, and hypothesize about their real occurrence in nature as well as their roles in pathogenesis and symbiosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Yeast Cell Polarity
A bottom-up route towards predicting evolution relies on a deep understanding of the complex network that proteins form inside cells. In a rapidly expanding panorama of experimental possibilities, the most difficult question is how to conceptually approach the disentangling of such complex networks. These can exhibit varying degrees of hierarchy and modularity, which obfuscate protein functions that may prove pivotal for adaptation. Using the well-established polarity network in budding yeast as a case study, we organize current literature to highlight protein entrenchments inside polarity in five sub modules: timing, mating, bud-scar, reaction-diffusion and the actin pathway. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Dental Radiology and COVID-19
In the era of COVID-19, it is necessary to practice all possible measures in the clinical practice that prevents disease transmission. Dentistry bears a higher risk of cross-contamination as it deals with saliva- a potent disease-transmitting agent. Dental radiology setup is no exception, as saliva contamination is equally present here. We should undertake the following measures in order to have a safe working environment: 1. Strict adherence to routine infection control measures. 2. Preference should be given to the extra-oral projection techniques.  3. Ensure proper ventilation of the operator room.  4. Dooning and doffing of the PPE in a separate room. 5. Proper disinfection and implementation of fallout period. 6. Preferably digital radiography and tele-radiography 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a disease that affects women. In this form of cancer, certain cells in the ovary become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. The ovaries are the female reproductive organs in which egg cells are produced. In about 90 percent of cases, ovarian cancer occurs after age 40, and most cases occur after age 60.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Mixed Criticality Technology
Embedded systems used in critical systems, such as aeronautics, have undergone continuous evolution in recent years. In this evolution, many of the functionalities offered by these systems have been adapted through the introduction of network services that achieve high levels of interconnectivity. The high availability of access to communications networks has enabled the development of new applications that introduce control functions with higher levels of intelligence and adaptation. In these applications, it is necessary to manage different components of an application according to their levels of criticality. The concept of “Industry 4.0” has recently emerged to describe high levels of automation and flexibility in production. The digitization and extensive use of information technologies has become the key to industrial systems. Due to their growing importance and social impact, industrial systems have become part of the systems that are considered critical. This evolution of industrial systems forces the appearance of new technical requirements for software architectures that enable the consolidation of multiple applications in common hardware platforms—including those of different criticality levels. These enabling technologies, together with use of reference models and standardization facilitate the effective transition to this approach. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of CVDs
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s leading cause of mortality and represent a large contributor to the costs of medical care. Although tremendous progress has been made for the diagnosis of CVDs, there is an important need for more effective early diagnosis and the design of novel diagnostic methods. The diagnosis of CVDs generally relies on signs and symptoms depending on molecular imaging (MI) or on CVD-associated biomarkers. For early-stage CVDs, however, the reliability, specificity, and accuracy of the analysis is still problematic. Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, nanomaterial systems have been recognized as potential candidates to enhance the functional use of diagnostic instruments. Nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, lipids, and polymeric nanoparticles represent novel sources to target CVDs. The special properties of nanomaterials including surface energy and topographies actively enhance the cellular response within CVDs. The availability of newly advanced techniques in nanomaterial science opens new avenues for the targeting of CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation Cardioversion
Atrial fibrillation (AF) patient care encompasses different possible management strategies which are classified as rhythm-control therapies, aimed at restoring and maintaining the sinus rhythm, and rate-control therapies, aimed at ensuring an appropriate control of heart rate during AF.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Dental Implants
Dental implants are widely used for oral prosthetic rehabilitation in case of partially (single or more missing teeth), as well as fully edentulous patients. It was demonstrated that osseointegrated implants have a high survival rate (cumulative mean of 94.6%, SD 5.97%) with a follow-up period of up to 20 years.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Serum Bilirubin in Obese Individuals
Bilirubin, the end product of heme metabolism, is a potent endogenous antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, and endocrine properties. Serum bilirubin concentrations depend on the complex interactions between bilirubin production, consumption (depending on oxidative stress and inflammation), metabolism, and elimination. Importantly, numerous studies have shown that serum bilirubin levels are inversely associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other oxidative-stress-mediated diseases, including atherosclerosis. Moreover, serum bilirubin levels were recently proposed as a potential pre-disease biomarker for developing metabolic syndrome in asymptomatic middle-aged individuals. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
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