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Topic Review
Affectional Action
Affectional action refers to behavior driven by emotions, sentiments, or personal attachments rather than rational calculations or instrumental goals. It encompasses actions motivated by affection, love, empathy, or other emotional bonds, often leading individuals to prioritize relationships, care, and compassion in their interactions with others, irrespective of utility or self-interest. This concept, elucidated by sociologist Max Weber, highlights the role of emotions in shaping social behavior and relationships within human societies.
  • 569
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Troubled Families
The Troubled Families programme is a United Kingdom Government scheme under the Department for Communities and Local Government with the stated aim of helping troubled families turn their lives around.
  • 567
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Development of Emergency Intimate Partner Violence Shelters
When a woman seeks emergency shelter from an abusive relationship, she may bring her children but rarely companion animals. Companion animals are viewed as problematic, as obstacles to their clients’ safe relocation, falling outside the scope of IPV shelters (who rarely take a co-sheltering approach), and as potential strains on an already resource-stretched social institution. Addressing a gap in the literature about the effects of companion animal policies in social housing on clients and staff, the results are relevant to social service providers and policymakers working with multispecies families, including insights about women and children’s reactions to separation from companion animals, contradictions in related policies, and institutional priorities.
  • 564
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Actor Social Networks for Understanding Food Hubs
Food hubs are collaborative entities that strategically manage the assemblage, delivery, and promotion of food from a range of local food producers. They are essentially multi-actor institutions, involving horizontal collaboration between producers and vertical collaborations up and down the food chain, involving all actors required to bring food products from producers to consumers.
  • 556
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Effects of COVID-19 on Leisure among Youth
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed the lives of millions, including young people, who are in a vital stage during which leisure has had a preponderant role in their lifestyles, characterized by the search for experiences outside the family environment and forms of leisure dependent on friendships as a source for well-being (physical, cognitive, social, and emotional). 
  • 556
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism Design
Mechanism design is a field in economics and game theory that takes an objectives-first approach to designing economic mechanisms or incentives, toward desired objectives, in strategic settings, where players act rationally. Because it starts at the end of the game, then goes backwards, it is also called reverse game theory. It has broad applications, from economics and politics (markets, auctions, voting procedures) to networked-systems (internet interdomain routing, sponsored search auctions). Mechanism design studies solution concepts for a class of private-information games. Leonid Hurwicz explains that 'in a design problem, the goal function is the main "given", while the mechanism is the unknown. Therefore, the design problem is the "inverse" of traditional economic theory, which is typically devoted to the analysis of the performance of a given mechanism.' So, two distinguishing features of these games are: The 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Leonid Hurwicz, Eric Maskin, and Roger Myerson "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory".
  • 554
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Self-Employed People
Self-employment (SE) is a growing precarious work arrangement internationally. In the current digital age, SE appears in configurations and contours that differ from the labor market of 50 years ago and is part of a ‘paradigm shift’ from manufacturing/managerial capitalism to entrepreneurial capitalism. The SE trend is accelerating due to the rising 'gig' economy and the undermining of the former employment structures that provided secure, lifetime jobs with predictable advancement and stable pay. 
  • 552
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Social Mobility
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a social hierarchy, typically involving changes in socioeconomic status, occupational attainment, or educational attainment across generations or within a single lifetime. It encompasses upward mobility, where individuals ascend to higher social positions, as well as downward mobility, where individuals experience a decline in social status. Social mobility reflects the fluidity and dynamism of social structures, influenced by factors such as meritocracy, education, economic opportunity, and social policies.
  • 540
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hannah’s Suffering
Hannah's story can serve as a complex narrative of agency, self-advocacy, and liberation for minoritized women. Using Chela Sandoval's Theory of Oppositional Consciousness, Dorothee Solle's Theory of Suffering, and Lorde's "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action," the piece analyzes the audacity of Hannah to correct a prophet, fight for her valid desire of motherhood, and determine her own happiness is evidence of an empowerment ethic that is necessary for present-day minoritized women in a climate that seeks to suppress and erase all forms of difference and agency.
  • 533
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Civil Inattention
Civil inattention is a term in sociology coined by the sociologist Erving Goffman. It refers to the social norm of signaling awareness of others without imposing on them. In other words, when people engage in civil inattention, they acknowledge the presence of others in a public space but avoid staring or making prolonged eye contact in order to respect each other's privacy and maintain social boundaries.
  • 533
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Kroogi
Kroogi [Russian: Круги, translation: circles, http://kroogi.com/] is a “content community” where musicians, painters, writers, videographers, photographers, and other users and organizations, that wish to share their projects with the world, showcase their work. Their supporters can follow their activity, download content, and make monetary contributions. Kroogi encourages its users to support artists and their projects through voluntary contributions, and by promoting artistic content. Users pay for downloading content based on a “Pay what you want” model, which allows fans and followers to set their own price for artists’ work. Artists also have the option of setting a minimum necessary contribution for downloads.
  • 533
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Crime
Crime is a multifaceted and complex concept that generally refers to an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law. It is essentially a breach of societal norms and regulations that are established to maintain order, protect individuals and property, and uphold the general well-being of a community.
  • 511
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Digitization of Seniors
The lower digitization among seniors must be understood in the context of the coming together of multiple digital divides. In addition to the obvious generation divide (age is one of the factors most determining digital uses), others also have an influence, such as a lower education or income level, which is characteristic of this group and also strongly correlated with lower use of new technologies. 
  • 507
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Institutional Racism
Institutional racism refers to the systemic discrimination and bias embedded within social institutions, such as government agencies, educational systems, and corporations, that perpetuate racial inequalities. Unlike individual acts of racism, institutional racism operates at a structural level, resulting in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social privileges based on race. It manifests through policies, practices, and norms that disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups while advantaging others, contributing to disparities in areas such as employment, education, healthcare, and criminal justice.
  • 506
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy in Japan
The researchers comprehensively reviewed the fundamental policies and procedures formulated by the government concerning the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal. The discussion encompasses an assessment of the Second Progress Report and concrete geological disposal methodologies. Additionally, the investigation delves into strategies for minimizing waste and procedures for selecting suitable sites for disposal repositories, including both local siting protocols and nationwide mapping approaches.
  • 505
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Social Infrastructure
Social infrastructure is a general term referring to a class of internet services which allow websites or mobile devices to integrate social functionality into their application user experience. Such functionality includes social login, sharing, commenting, activity feeds, online identity storage, gamification and others. The technologies and services comprising social infrastructure are made available by a variety of sources including social network providers such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Google. Third-party providers like Gigya, Livefyre, Hull, Echo, BazaarVoice, Janrain, Loginradius, AddThis, and ShareThis provide services that allow applications to integrate social functionality using multiple social networks. While each provider offers a different range of social functionality to applications, all providers offer their own set of tools, plugins, SDKs and APIs to ensure their platform is accessible across as many devices as possible. Using standard programming languages (HTML, JavaScript, PHP, Java, Objective-C, etc.), applications can interface with social infrastructure from desktops, laptops, mobile phones and tablets. Indian ICT company United Telecoms Limited has implemented social infrastructure projects targeting health exchanges, tsunami warning systems, city surveillance, broadband and communication systems for rapid transportation systems.
  • 499
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Finance
Sustainable finance or green finance is the set of financial regulations, standards, norms and products that pursue an environmental objective, and in particular to facilitate the energy transition. It allows the financial system to connect with the economy and its populations by financing its agents while maintaining a growth objective. The long-standing concept was promoted with the adoption of the Paris Climate Agreement, which stipulates that parties must make "finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development." In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda to steer the transition towards a sustainable and inclusive economy. This commitment involves 193 member states and comprises 17 goals and 169 targets SDGs aimed at tackling current global challenges, including protecting the planet. Sustainable finance has become a key cornerstone for the achievement of these goals.
  • 495
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Collective Action
Collective action refers to the coordinated efforts of individuals or groups to pursue common goals or address shared interests, often through collaborative or cooperative means. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including protests, strikes, social movements, and community organizing, aimed at achieving social, political, economic, or environmental change through collective mobilization and solidarity.
  • 495
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Handbook of Middle American Indians
Handbook of Middle American Indians (HMAI) is a sixteen-volume compendium on Mesoamerica, from the prehispanic to late twentieth century. Volumes on particular topics were published from the 1960s and 1970s under the general editorship of Robert Wauchope. Separate volumes with particular volume editors deal with a number of general topics, including archeology, cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, linguistics, with the last four substantive volumes treating various topics in Mesoamerican ethnohistory, under the editorship of Howard F. Cline. Select volumes have become available in e-book format. A retrospective review of the HMAI by two anthropologists discusses its history and evaluates it. One review calls it a fundamental work. Another reviewer says "since the first volume of the HMAI appeared in 1964 is far and away the most comprehensive and erudite coverage of native cultures of any region in the Americas." A review in the journal Science says that "There can be little doubt that, like the Handbook of South American Indians, this monumental synthesis will provide a sound basis for new generalizations and will stimulate additional research to fill the gaps in knowledge and understanding that will become apparent. Starting in 1981, six volumes in the Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians were published under the general editorship of Victoria Bricker.
  • 489
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Participation (Decision Making)
Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions – and ideally exert influence – regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism). For well-informed participation to occur, it is argued that some version of transparency, e.g. radical transparency, is necessary but not sufficient. It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say while those that are least affected should have the least say in a topic.
  • 489
  • 01 Dec 2022
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