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Topic Review Video
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Adverse Effects
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is currently the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer, and some studies have shown that the use of anti-androgen drugs is related to a reduction in cognitive function, mood changes, diminished quality of life, dementia, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. ADT has potential physiological effects such as a reduction in white matter integrity and a negative impact on hypothalamic functions due to the lowering of testosterone levels or the blockade of downstream androgen receptor signaling by first- and second-generation anti-androgen drugs.
  • 799
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Oleuropein in the Anti-Diabetic Action
Substantial consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), vegetables, legumes, fruits, and whole grain cereals is the distinctive feature of the Mediterranean diet that replicates some of the traditional eating habits of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. 
  • 798
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spontaneous Bladder Rupture after Normal Vaginal Delivery
Spontaneous bladder rupture during labor or postpartum is an extremely rare condition. Increased visceral pressure, weakening of the bladder, and vesical catheterization performed during labor are predisposing factors.
  • 796
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Therapy in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most fatal and frequently diagnosed malignant tumor. Neoadjuvant therapy is a promising approach for prolonging survival and increasing the chance of cure rates for patients with potentially resectable disease. Currently, many therapeutic alternatives, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, are continually being explored to enrich the content of neoadjuvant therapy.
  • 796
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Association of miR-210 and Lung
MicroRNA is a class of non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is well-documented in molecular cancer biology. Extensive research has shown that miR-210 is implicated in the progression of multiple cancers including that of the lung, bladder, colon, and renal cell carcinoma. In recent years, exosomes have been evidenced to facilitate cell–cell communication and signaling through packaging and transporting active biomolecules such as miRNAs and thereby modify the cellular microenvironment favorable for lung cancers. MiRNAs encapsulated inside the lipid bilayer of exosomes are stabilized and transmitted to target cells to exert alterations in the epigenetic landscape. 
  • 794
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fusion Genes in Diseases and Their Detection
Oncogenic fusion proteins, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, have emerged as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis and crucial therapeutic targets in cancer research. The detection of gene fusions is essential for the identification of cancer and the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • 794
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mucosal Mast Cells in Food Allergies
Mucosal mast cells (MMCs) localized in the intestinal mucosa play a key role in the development of IgE-mediated food allergies. Recent advances have revealed that MMCs are a distinctly different population from connective tissue mast cells localized in skin and other connective tissues. MMCs are inducible and transient cells that arise from bone marrow-derived mast cell progenitors, and their numbers increase rapidly during mucosal allergic inflammation. However, the mechanism of the dramatic expansion of MMCs and their cell functions are not well understood.
  • 793
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with multiple organ involvement predominantly affecting women of childbearing age. Environmental factors, as well as genetic predisposition, can cause immunological disturbances that manifest as SLE. A habitual high-fat diet and obesity have recently been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The frequency of obesity is higher in patients with SLE than in general populations. Vitamin D and adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are possible mediators connecting obesity and SLE. 
  • 790
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Levodopa/Receptor Ligands in Parkinson’s Disease
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, LD therapy leads to LD-induced dyskinesia (LID), a disabling motor complication that represents a major challenge for the clinical neurologist. Due to the many limitations associated with LD therapeutic use, other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic receptor drugs, including serotoninergic, gluamatergic and noradrenergic receptor ligands, are being developed to optimize the treatment response.
  • 784
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Receptor–Receptor Interactions and Glial Cell
The discovery that receptors from all families can establish allosteric receptor–receptor interactions and variably associate to form receptor complexes operating as integrative input units endowed with a high functional and structural plasticity has expanded our understanding of intercellular communication. Regarding the nervous system, most research in the field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of many receptor complexes representing an important mechanism to fine-tune synaptic efficiency. Receptor–receptor interactions, however, also modulate glia–neuron and glia–glia intercellular communication, with significant consequences on synaptic activity and brain network plasticity.
  • 781
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Paradoxical Hidradenitis Suppurativa during Biologic Therapy
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease usually occurring after puberty with painful, deep-seated, inflammatory lesions in the apocrine gland-bearing areas of the body. Paradoxical reactions during biologic treatments may be defined as the appearance or exacerbation of a pathological condition that usually responds to this class of drug while treating a patient for another condition.
  • 781
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Quercetin and Its Nano-Formulations for Brain Tumor Therapy
The development of efficient treatments for tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS) remains an open challenge. Particularly, gliomas are the most malignant and lethal form of brain tumors in adults, causing death in patients just over 6 months after diagnosis without treatment. Quercetin is a bioactive compound derived from various fruits and vegetables (asparagus, apples, berries, cherries, onions and red leaf lettuce). Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies highlighted that quercetin through multitargeted molecular mechanisms (apoptosis, necrosis, anti-proliferative activity and suppression of tumor invasion and migration) effectively reduces the progression of tumor cells. 
  • 778
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Multivisceral Resection in Robotic Liver Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery techniques are expanding in utilization in liver resections and now include robotic approaches. Robotic liver resection has been demonstrated to have several benefits, including surgeon ergonomics, wrist articulation, and 3D visualization. Similarly, for multivisceral liver resections, the use of minimally invasive techniques has evolved and expanded from laparoscopy to robotics.
  • 777
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Thymic Carcinoma
Thymic epithelial tumors consist of thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC), which are rare neoplasms. Notably, TC is a dismal entity that easily depicts recurrence after surgical resection. In patients with metastatic or advanced TC, systemic chemotherapy is widely chosen to decrease tumor growth and metastasis.
  • 775
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sublingual Immunotherapy for Aeroallergens
Sublingual immunotherapy represents an important progress in the use of personalized medicine in children with allergic asthma. It is a viable option for house dust mite driven asthma and in subjects with the asthma associated with allergic rhinitis.
  • 771
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Metastases from Gastric Cancer
Peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer play a key role in the fatal prognosis of the disease. The lack of efficacy of actual therapeutic approaches together with the outcomes achieved with checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer compel us to address the current state-of-the-art immunotherapy treatment of peritoneal dissemination. The immunogenicity of the peritoneum has been described to be particularly active at omentum and peritoneal lymph nodes.
  • 770
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sex Disparity in Cardiovascular Disease
Among cardiovascular diseases, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) shows significant differences in occurrence rate, prognosis and efficacy of treatment between male and female patients. Genomics and epigenomics approaches together with epidrugs design and drug repositioning could fill the sex-gap.
  • 769
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanomedicine-Based Delivery for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women globally. It is caused by mutations in the estrogen/progesterone receptors and conventional treatment methods are commonly utilized. About 70–80 percent of individuals with the early-stage non-metastatic disease may be cured.
  • 768
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lymphadenopathy after Anti-COVID-19 Vaccine
Post-COVID-19 vaccine administration lymphadenopathies in an atypical location represent an intense immune response to antigenic stimuli and they may show alarming US traits superimposed on malignant pathologies, which may complicate the patient’s clinical and diagnostic pathway. Despite no distinctive US features between reactive post-COVID-19 vaccination and malignant lymph nodes being available, careful examination of atypical lymph node locations associated with accurate knowledge of patients’ clinical background and delay of US exam to four to six weeks after vaccine injection should be considered. 
  • 766
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Many tumors eventually become resistant to hormones, chemotherapy, and radiation by avoiding apoptosis.
  • 765
  • 24 Nov 2021
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