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Topic Review
Tracing the Glycine from Quantum Chemical Simulations
Glycine (Gly), NH2CH2COOH, is the simplest amino acid. Although it has not been directly detected in the interstellar gas-phase medium, it has been identified in comets and meteorites, and its synthesis in these environments has been simulated in terrestrial laboratory experiments. Likewise, condensation of Gly to form peptides in scenarios resembling those present in a primordial Earth has been demonstrated experimentally. Thus, Gly is a paradigmatic system for biomolecular building blocks to investigate how they can be synthesized in astrophysical environments, transported and delivered by fragments of asteroids (meteorites, once they land on Earth) and comets (interplanetary dust particles that land on Earth) to the primitive Earth, and there react to form biopolymers as a step towards the emergence of life. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Decision Criteria on Green Consumer Values
Renewable energy consumption is the call by United Nation Sustainable Development Goals, and sustainable consumption is the only solution for the future. An awareness towards the environment for the sustainable development is reaching implementation at various levels through channels with government promotions. RESs are accepted on a global scale, with common consensus being the requirement for future generations. The current generation is more aware and equipped with technological advancements, which can reach the vision of sustainability.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Barriers and Facilitators of Sustainability for Batik SMEs
During the past two years, COVID-19-related measures have forced small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries to reduce their production capacity and employment, which has created an undesirable situation. The implementation of sustainability-oriented practices in SMEs has also been discussed frequently over the years. To improve SMEs sustainability, we need to understand the barriers and facilitators of sustainability, especially in its institutional context so the SMEs could be better supported by the institutions.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Faith in Christianity
In one sense, faith in Christianity is often discussed in terms of believing God's promises, trusting in his faithfulness, and relying on God's character and faithfulness to act. Some of the definitions in the history of Christian theology have followed the biblical formulation in Hebrews 11:1: "the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen". As in other Abrahamic religions, it includes a belief in the existence of God, in the reality of a transcendent domain that God administers as his kingdom and in the benevolence of the will of God or God's plan for humankind. Christianity differs from other Abrahamic religions in that it focuses on the teachings of Jesus, and on his place as the prophesied Christ. It also includes a belief in the New Covenant. According to most Christian traditions, Christian faith requires a belief in Jesus' resurrection from the dead, which he states is the plan of God the Father. Since the Protestant Reformation the meaning of this term has been an object of major theological disagreement in Western Christianity. The differences have been largely overcome in the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (1999).The precise understanding of the term "faith" differs among the various Christian traditions. Despite these differences, Christians generally agree that faith in Jesus lies at the core of the Christian tradition, and that such faith is required in order to be a Christian.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
{{Multiple issues| The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a family of surveys intended to provide nationally representative estimates of health expenditure, utilization, payment sources, health status, and health insurance coverage among the noninstitutionalized, nonmilitary population of the United States . This series of government-produced data sets can be used to examine how individuals interact with the medical care system in the United States. MEPS is administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in three components: the core Household Component, the Insurance/Employer Component, and the Medical Provider Component. Only the Household Component is available for download on the Internet. These components provide comprehensive national estimates of health care use and payment by individuals, families, and any other demographic group of interest.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
2018 in Paleomalacology
This list, 2018 in paleomalacology, is a list of new taxa of ammonites and other fossil cephalopods, as well as fossil gastropods, bivalves and other molluscs that are scheduled to be described during the year 2018, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to molluscan paleontology that are scheduled to occur in the year 2018.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji (June 2015) is the second last book written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of India and a pioneering scientist. Co-authored by Professor Arun Tiwari and published by HarperCollins India, the book describes Kalam’s spiritual experiences with and reflections on Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the guru and spiritual leader of the BAPS Hindu organization. Kalam recounted the spiritual transformation he experienced during his fourteen-year association with Pramukh Swami, described the inspiration he obtained from Pramukh Swami’s leadership of BAPS, and expressed his vision for a society in which science and spirituality are fused. Kalam stated that he saw in Pramukh Swami “a true embodiment of transcendence,” and titled the book to reflect his belief that Pramukh Swami is gunatit, a term signifying transcendence of ephemeral qualities and the modes of nature.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Histopathology of Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are relatively rare and sometimes become life threatening. In particular, rapidly progressive ILD, which frequently presents as acute lung injury (ALI) on lung histopathology, shows poor prognosis if proper and immediate treatments are not initiated. These devastating conditions include acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF), clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI)-induced lung injury, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Pest Management Program for Coffee Berry Borer
Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide, causing significant reductions in yield and quality.  The integrated pest management of CBB in Hawaii and Puerto Rico are addressed, the only two USA locations that produce commercial specialty coffee. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PPM-X Syndrome
PPM-X syndrome is a condition characterized by psychotic disorders (most commonly bipolar disorder), a pattern of movement abnormalities known as parkinsonism, and mild to severe intellectual disability with impaired language development.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Human Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Associated Diseases
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. TMAO is a biomolecule capable of providing relevant information on the metabolic and immunological state of the human body. Having been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, it could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fire-vegetation Feedbacks and Alternative Stable States
The relationship between fire, vegetation, and climate create what is known as a fire regime. Within a fire regime, fire ecologists study the relationship between diverse ecosystems and fire; not only how fire affects vegetation, but also how vegetation affects the behavior of fire. The study of neighboring vegetations types that may be highly flammable and less flammable has provided insight into how these vegetation types can exist side by side, and are maintained by the presence or absence of fire events. Ecologists have studied these boundaries between different vegetation types, such as a closed canopy forest and a grassland, and hypothesized how climate, and soil fertility create these boundaries in vegetation types. Research in the field of pyrogeography shows how fire also plays an important role in the maintenance of dominant vegetation types, and how different vegetation types with distinct relationships to fire can exist side by side in the same climate conditions. These relationships can be described in conceptual models called fire-vegetation feedbacks, and alternative stable states.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomimicry-Based Materials
Biomimicry as a tool in architecture and building construction offers the opportunity to inspire active envelopes and integrate natural concepts and principles aiming for sustainable and climate responses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Sex-Chromosome Dosage Compensation
Dosage compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes. Across species, different sexes are often characterized by different types and numbers of sex chromosomes. In order to neutralize the large difference in gene dosage produced by differing numbers of sex chromosomes among the sexes, various evolutionary branches have acquired various methods to equalize gene expression among the sexes. Because sex chromosomes contain different numbers of genes, different species of organisms have developed different mechanisms to cope with this inequality. Replicating the actual gene is impossible; thus organisms instead equalize the expression from each gene. For example, in humans, females (XX) silence the transcription of one X chromosome of each pair, and transcribe all information from the other, expressed X chromosome. Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked genes as do human males (XY), both sexes having essentially one X chromosome per cell, from which to transcribe and express genes. There are three main mechanisms of achieving dosage compensation which are widely documented in the literature and which are common to most species. These include random inactivation of one female X chromosome (as observed in Mus musculus; this is called X-inactivation), a two-fold increase in the transcription of a single male X chromosome (as observed in Drosophila melanogaster), and decreased transcription by half in both of the X chromosomes of a hermaphroditic organism (as observed in Caenorhabditis elegans). These mechanisms have been widely studied and manipulated in model organisms commonly used in the laboratory research setting. A summary of these forms of dosage compensation is illustrated below. However, there are also other less common forms of dosage compensation, which are not as widely researched and are sometimes specific to only one species (as observed in certain bird and monotreme species).
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rheumatic Manifestations for ICIs
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are monoclonal antibodies that activate the immune system aiming at enhancing antitumor immunity.  Their clinical efficacy is well documented but the side effects associated with their use are still under investigation.  These drugs cause several immune related adverse events (ir-AE) some of which stand within the field of Rheumatology.  Herein, we performed a literature review in an effort to evaluate all publicly available clinical data regarding rheumatic manifestations associated with ICI.  The most common musculoskeletal ir-AEs are inflammatory arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and myositis.  Non musculoskeletal rheumatic manifestations are less frequent with the most prominent being sicca, vasculitides and sarcoidosis.  Cases of systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma are extremely rare.  The majority of musculoskeletal ir-AE are of mild/moderate severity and can be managed with steroids with no need for ICI discontinuation.  In severe cases, more intense immunosuppressive therapy and permanent ICI discontinuation may be employed.  Oncologists should periodically screen patients receiving ICI for new onset inflammatory musculoskeletal complaints and seek a rheumatology consultation in cases of persisting symptoms.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oxytocin-System
Oxytocin (OXT) is  hypothalamic neuropeptide synthetized in the brain by magnocellular and parvo cellular neurons of the paraventricular, supraoptic and accessory nuclei of the hypothalamus. OXT acts in central and peripheral nervous system via G-protein-coupled receptors. The classical physiological functions of OXT are uterine contractions, the milk ejection reflex during lactation, penile erection and sexual arousal, but recent studies have demonstrated that OXT may has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and regulates the immune and anti-inflammatory responses. In the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, microglia are present in active form and release high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,  that are implicated in the process of neural injury.  A promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases involves new therapeutic approaches targeting activated microglia. Recent studies have reported that OXT exerts neuroprotective effects through inhibition of production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and in development of correct neural circuitry. The focus of this review is to attribute a new important role of OXT in neuroprotection through microglia-OXT interaction of immature and adult brain. In  addition, we also analyzed the strategies that could enhance its delivery in the brain to amplificated its positive effects .  
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Persistence
The recent pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 has caused a lot of confusion regarding containment protocols. Unfortunately, many of the characteristics of this virus are still unclear. The purpose of this article is to clarify what are the current notions regarding the persistence of the virus in the environment. Different factors were considered such as surfaces, temperature, humidity and pH; in relation to the inactivation time of the virus.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Disease
Astronauts are at risk of losing 1.0% to 1.5% of their bone mass for every month they spend in space despite their adherence to diets and exercise regimens designed to protect their skeletal systems. This loss is the result of microgravity-related impairment of osteocyte and osteoblast function and the consequent upregulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This entry describes the ontogeny of osteoclast hematopoietic stem cells and the contributions macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and the calcineurin pathways make in osteoclast differentiation and provides details of bone formation, the osteoclast cytoskeleton, the immune regulation of osteoclasts, and osteoclast mechanotransduction on Earth, in space, and under conditions of simulated microgravity. The entry discusses the need to better understand how osteoclasts are able to function in zero gravity and reviews current and prospective therapies that may be used to treat osteoclast-mediated bone disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oncogenic Tyrosine Phosphatases
Despite a large number of therapeutic options available, malignant melanoma remains a highly fatal disease, especially in its metastatic forms. The oncogenic role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is becoming increasingly clear, paving the way for novel antitumor treatments based on their inhibition. In this review, we present the oncogenic PTPs contributing to melanoma progression and we provide, where available, a description of new inhibitory strategies designed against these enzymes and possibly useful in melanoma treatment. Considering the relevance of the immune infiltrate in supporting melanoma progression, we also focus on the role of PTPs in modulating immune cell activity, identifying interesting therapeutic options that may support the currently applied immunomodulating approaches.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cutaneous Findings in NF1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex autosomal dominant disorder associated with germline mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. NF1 belongs to a class of congenital anomaly syndromes called RASopathies, a group of rare genetic conditions caused by mutations in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Generally, NF1 patients present with dermatologic manifestations.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2021
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