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Topic Review
Silvopastoral System in Morocco
The silvopastoral systems in Morocco, which combine trees, herbaceous resources, and livestock on the same unit of land, are a socio-economically and ecologically productive alternative to traditional management systems. Successful silvopastoral systems require effective limitation of agricultural expansion and deforestation phenomena, which could preserve the beauty and diversity of the landscape.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Didymo
Didymosphenia geminata diatoms, or Didymo, was first found to be an invasive species that could have negative impacts on the environment due to the aggressive growth of its polysaccharide-based stalks.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
PPARs in Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are non-steroid nuclear receptors, which dimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and bind to PPAR-responsive regulatory elements (PPRE) in the promoter region of target genes. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and γ isoforms have been gaining consistent interest in neuropathology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota as a Contributor to Chronic Inflammation
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host’s immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Lipids from Plants and Marine Organisms
Medicinal plants and marine organisms are natural sources of many antimicrobial compounds. Plant components with antimicrobial activity include alkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds, diterpenes/terpenoids, fatty acids (FA), some carbohydrates, steroidal glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Both primary and secondary metabolites are “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) substances and the chance of triggering antimicrobial resistance is low. The most studied antimicrobial compounds of marine origin are peptides and alkaloids, contrarily to lipids. However, lipids are ubiquitously distributed in the different marine phyla, being quite abundant in some of them. Besides, several lipid classes from marine organisms have been recognized by their biological activity with a high potential to discover new antimicrobial compounds.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Self-Healing Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Self-healing is the remarkable ability of living organisms to repair their own damage by themselves. Inspired from nature, the great challenge for researchers is to create and develop polymers and composites with high potential for self-healing, offering alternatives to the current options and moving toward materials with extended service lifetime for various applications. Most of recent publications in this area concern innovative (bio)materials with excellent healing performance, such as ionomers, semiconductors, self-assembling systems, hydrogels, micro- and nanoparticles, coatings, films and membranes, capsules, vascular networks, shape memory or stimuli-induced self-healing materials, etc. They are able to spontaneously repair themselves after damage or degradation, recovering structural integrity and functionality by increasing the rate of healing versus the rate of damage. A recent published approach  (Polymers 2022, 14, 130) is a synergetic combination of the polymer characteristics with those of proteins/peptides in order to prepare stable networks with high elasticity and self-healing ability, suitable for biomedical applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dystroglycanopathy
Dystroglycanopathy is a collective term referring to muscular dystrophies with abnormal glycosylation of dystroglycan. At least 18 causative genes of dystroglycanopathy have been identified, and its clinical symptoms are diverse, ranging from severe congenital to adult-onset limb-girdle types. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Illicium difengpi (Illiciaceae)
I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) is an endemic and indigenous medicinal species that has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injury in China; I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) can endure various abiotic stresses, especially extreme drought, and thus has scientific value for exploring adaptive mechanisms of tolerance to extreme drought and in the ecological restoration of karst rocky desertification areas; and the beautiful tree shapes of I. difengpi (Illiciaceae) give it potential ornamental value. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
5-10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase
The 5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is vital for cellular homeostasis due to its key functions in the one-carbon cycle, which include methionine and folate metabolism, and protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Multiscapes on an Urbanising Planet
The two most significant signatures of the Anthropocene—agriculture and urbanisation— have yet to be studied synoptically. The term periurban is used to describe territory where the urbanising trend of the planet extends into multiscapes. A periurban praxis is required that spatially reconciles urbanisation and agriculture, simultaneously permitting urban growth and the enhance- ment of critical ecosystem services provided by agricultural hinterlands.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Colloidal Quantum Dots-Based Upconversion Devices
Colloidal quantum dots (CQD) have narrow emission linewidth and adjustable bandgap, so that CQD based infrared detectors can realize a widely tunable infrared spectral range. In addition, the luminescence spectrum of CQDs is extremely narrow, the color saturation and purity are high, and the optical stability is excellent, which can be obtained by solution procession. Therefore, CQDs-based LEDs (QLEDs) have excellent performances of a wide color gamut, long life, and low cost. For CQD baesd upconverters, except for the top electrode, the entire device can be prepared by solution method, which greatly simplifies the preparation of the device and make the upconverters are available for use in the fields of flexible devices.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 13 and 18 Evaluation
Autosomal aneuploidies are the most frequently occurring congenital abnormalities and are related to many metabolic disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Trisomies are generated by an error of chromosomal segregation during cell division. Accumulating evidence has shown that deregulated gene expression resulting from the triplication of chromosomes 13 and 18 is associated with many disturbed cellular processes. Moreover, a disturbed oxidative stress status may be implicated in the occurrence of fetal malformations.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Limitations of Pressure Wave Supercharger
One main direction in improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, together with lowering the emissions, is supercharging, i.e., creating a considerable amount of boost for the inlet combustion air. Turbochargers are the most commonly used for this task, but another advantageous alternative exploiting the energy within exhaust gases is the pressure wave supercharger (PWS).
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Training, Test, and Validation Sets
In machine learning, the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data is a common task. Such algorithms work by making data-driven predictions or decisions,:2 through building a mathematical model from input data. The data used to build the final model usually comes from multiple datasets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model. The model is initially fit on a training dataset, that is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a neural net or a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training dataset using a supervised learning method (e.g. gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent). In practice, the training dataset often consist of pairs of an input vector and the corresponding "answer" vector (or scalar), which is commonly denoted as the target (or label). The current model is run with the training dataset and produces a result, which is then compared with the target, for each input vector in the training dataset. Based on the result of the comparison and the specific learning algorithm being used, the parameters of the model are adjusted. The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation. Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second dataset called the validation dataset. The validation dataset provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training dataset while tuning the model's hyperparameters (e.g. the number of hidden units in a neural network). Validation datasets can be used for regularization by early stopping: stop training when the error on the validation dataset increases, as this is a sign of overfitting to the training dataset. This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when overfitting has truly begun. Finally, the test dataset is a dataset used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training dataset.. When the data in the test dataset has never been used in training (for example in cross-validation), the test dataset is also called a holdout dataset.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insight into the Anticancer Activity of Luteolin
Luteolin, a flavone found in numerous fruits, vegetables, and herbs, has exhibited a number of biological activities, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. Luteolin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis and migration. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intramolecular Dynamics of Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins play important roles in biological functions, with accompanying allosteric structure changes. Understanding intramolecular dynamics helps elucidate catalytic mechanisms and develop new drugs. In contrast to the various technologies for structural analysis, methods for analyzing intramolecular dynamics are limited. Single-molecule measurements using optical microscopy have been widely used for kinetic analysis.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Agents and Immunotherapy in Sinonasal Cancers
Sinonasal cancers (SNCs) include different tumors of the nasal cavities, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and frontal sinuses. Epithelial SNCs include different histological subtypes: the most common is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), either keratinizing or non-keratinizing, followed by adenocarcinoma (intestinal-type or non-intestinal type), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC), NUT carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, teratocarcinosarcoma, and minor salivary gland tumors.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phage-Based Vaccines for COVID-19
Phages are highly ubiquitous biological agents, which means they are ideal tools for molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology. The development of a phage display technology was a turning point in the design of phage-based vaccines. Phages are now recognized as universal adjuvant-free nanovaccine platforms. Phages are well-suited for vaccine design owing to their high stability in harsh conditions and simple and inexpensive large-scale production. Phage vaccines induce a strong and specific humoral response by targeted phage particles carrying the epitopes of SARS-CoV-2.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Modification Strategies of Pristine Graphitic Carbon Nitride
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as the significant metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst, holds great potential in the application of the photocatalytic nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal process due to its plentiful extraordinary advantages, such as visible light response properties, mild bandgap, low cost, facile preparation and high thermal stability. However, pristine g-C3N4 prepared using the traditional high-temperature solid reaction suffers from low specific surface areas and low crystallinity owing to kinetic hindrance, which results in small specific surface areas, few reactive sites, limited light-harvesting capacity, rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and unsatisfactory photocatalytic NOx removal performance. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of pristine g-C3N4, a variety of modification strategies have been developed including metal doping, non-metal doping, defect engineering, crystallinity optimization, morphology controlling and heterojunction construction.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Functional Activities of Strictinin
Strictinin is a relatively tiny ellagitannin, which is found in many plants as a minor constituent. Catechins are known as the major constituents in the young leaves of most tea plants, while strictinin was found as a major constituent in the Pu’er tea plant. In some Pu’er tea varieties, strictinin was identified as the most abundant phenolic compound rather than catechins.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 May 2023
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