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Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for an Apple Orchard
The life-cycle cost analysis is a method used to assess long-term economic efficiency among equivalent competing processes or products. It is accepted that the role of the organic farming system is to produce fresh and authentic agri-food products and, at the same time, to protect and conserve the environment. For an apple orchard operated in an organic system, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was performed within a system boundary, starting from the establishment stage of the orchard until the transportation stage, from the field to the warehouse and from the warehouse to retail stores for a 20-year life span of the orchard.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
On Rarefied Plumes
Recent progress on rarefied jet,  jet impingement, and total impingement loads are summarized here.  Those investigations are performed by adopting the gaskinetic theory at the free molecular flow limit.  The results include exact analytical solutions to the properties of  flow field, surface load distributions, and overall surface loads.  The flowfield solutions  include density, velocity, temperature and pressure. The surface properties are based on the flowfield properties and they include  shear stress, pressure and heat flux.   The total surface loads include pressure, shear stress, torque, and various center-to-center distances.  Different from many past work, many physical and geometric factors are includes explicitly,  e.g., nozzle  exit properties (velocity speed ratio,  temperature, number density), surface reflection types,  and locations. Evaluations on these  analytical solutions are very fast via a computer,  neither numerical simulations nor experimental measurements are needed.  At far field, the nozzle exit degenerate as a point, and the  exact solutions are even simpler.  The expressions for the total loads at the free molecular flow limit  can be used as anchoring values to estimate the total loads within the whole Knudson number range, i.e., continuum, velocity-slip and temperature-jump, transitional, and free molecular flows.  
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9 in Crop Quality Improvement
The various crop species are major agricultural products and play an indispensable role in sustaining human life. Over a long period, breeders strove to increase crop yield and improve quality through traditional breeding strategies. Today, many breeders have achieved remarkable results using modern molecular technologies. Recently, a new gene-editing system, named the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, has also succeeded in improving crop quality. It has become the most popular tool for crop improvement due to its versatility. It has accelerated crop breeding progress by virtue of its precision in specific gene editing.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Weight Loss
Overweight and obesity are related pathological conditions with a significant impact at the cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and oncological levels, representing a significant global public health problem. The traditionally proposed therapeutic approaches act at the nutritional, psychological, lifestyle (abolishing sedentary lifestyle and promoting physical exercise), and pharmacological levels, in combination with the consumption of food supplements.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Opium Poppy Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery
Opium poppy is a medicinal plant, and its cultivation is illegal without legal approval in China. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an effective tool for monitoring illegal poppy cultivation. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is more flexible and mobile than remote sensing satellite, and their high-resolution images can help to detect poppies in areas that are hard to see. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Liver Cancer Therapy
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the conventional therapies generally employed in patients with liver tumors. The major issue associated with the administration of chemotherapeutics is their high toxicity and lack of selectivity, leading to systemic toxicity that can be detrimental to the patient’s quality of life. An important approach to the development of original liver-targeted therapeutic products takes advantage of the employment of biologically active ligands able to bind specific receptors on the cytoplasmatic membranes of liver cells. In this perspective, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in roots and rhizomes of licorice, has been used as a ligand for targeting the liver due to the expression of GA receptors on the sinusoidal surface of mammalian hepatocytes, so it may be employed to modify drug delivery systems (DDSs) and obtain better liver or hepatocyte drug uptake and efficacy.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Glycosaminoglycans in Mucopolysaccharidosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) consists of a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders that are caused by a defect of certain enzymes that participate in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal accumulation of GAGs leads to progressive dysfunctions in various tissues and organs during childhood, contributing to premature death.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ammonia Production Plants
Ammonia (NH3) is a fundamental manufacturing component and the cheapest compound combining nitrogen with raw elements, utilized in more than 76% of all nitrogen-based products. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Degradation of Concrete Structures in Nuclear Power Plants
Concrete, an integral part of a nuclear power plant (NPP), experiences degradation during their operational lifetime of the plant. The damage mechanism could be chemical or physical. The major causes of chemical degradation include alkali–aggregate reactions, leaching, sulfate attack, bases and acids attack, and carbonation. Physical degradation is a consequence of both environmental and mechanical factors combined. These factors are mainly elevated temperature, radiation, abrasion and erosion, salt crystallization, freeze–thaw distortions, fatigue and vibration. Additionally, steel reinforcements, prestressing steels, liner plates, and structural steel also experience degradation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PIL-Based SPEs
Poly(ionic liquide)s (PILs) can be used as solid polymer electrolytes because they have high thermal and electrochemical stabilities. This review is focused on the influence of macromolecular architecture on the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of PILs based electrolytes. Imidazolium based PILs are discussed as an example in the review. It is found that the electrolytes with a network structure exhibit better ionic conductivity and mechanical strength.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Optical-sensors improve nitrogen utilization efficiency
       Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for cereal crops grown around the world is low with an estimated value of 33%. This means that a considerable amount of nitrogen (N) is not recovered in the grain. As a result, several independent studies have been conducted to evaluate active optical sensors as an approach for N management. These studies reported benefits that range from N saving to higher NUE and sustaining grain yield in comparison to conventional methods of N management. This work reviewed and documented the extent to which the use of active optical sensors impacted winter wheat grain yield and NUE. In particular, the amount of N saved, NUE, and grain yield were reviewed and results presented by N management approach and region.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) originally developed as a contraceptive or morning-after pill [1].
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Genetic Alterations Featuring Biological Models
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This high mortality rate is due to the disease’s lack of symptoms, resulting in a late diagnosis. Biomarkers and treatment options for pancreatic cancer are also limited. In order to overcome this, new research models and novel approaches to discovering PDAC biomarkers are required. In this review, we outline the hereditary and somatic causes of PDAC and provide an overview of the recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) and pathway analysis studies. We also provide a summary of some of the systems used to study PDAC, including established and primary cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and newer models such as organoids and organ-on-chip. These ex vitro laboratory systems allow for critical research into the development and progression of PDAC.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and behavior. This disorder most often appears in late adolescence or early adulthood, although symptoms can begin at any time of life.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bohring-Opitz Syndrome
Bohring-Opitz syndrome is a rare condition that affects the development of many parts of the body.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Antibacterial Cationic Peptide Dendrimers
On the alarming scenario of the increasing antimicrobial resistance, causing a growing number of untreatable bacterial infections, we decided to report in a serie of entries, the state of the art concerning the development and application of the main types of cationic antibacterial dendrimers, proposed as unconventional options to the no longer effective traditional antibiotics. In a first recent entry, a general overview including an introduction to the topic, and sections which summarize the main types of dendrimers in existence and the main ones that have demonstrated antibacterial properties disclosed in the past decade, the main types of cationic antibacterial dendrimers have been introduced.  In particular, the PAMAM and PPI-based cationic dendrimers developed in the last decade, which showed considerable antibacterial properties, have been reviewed. In this second entry, we have provided an updated overview concerning the most studied class of antibacterial cationic dendrimers, i.e. the antimicrobial peptide ones. Significant case studies concerning the most active agents belonging to this category which have been prepared in the last decade have been reported. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Acute Pancreatitis
The incidence of acute and chronic pancreatitis is increasing in the United States. Rates of acute pancreatitis (AP) are similar in both sexes, but chronic pancreatitis (CP) is more common in males. When stratified by etiology, women have higher rates of gallstone AP, while men have higher rates of alcohol- and tobacco-related AP and CP, hypercalcemic AP, hypertriglyceridemic AP, malignancy-related AP, and type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Liquid-Chromatographic Methods for Carboxylic Acids
Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. Various disease areas such as cancer, myeloid leukemia, heart disease, liver disease, and lifestyle diseases (obesity and diabetes) were found to be related to certain metabolic pathways and changes in the concentrations of the compounds involved in those pathways. Therefore, the quantification of such compounds provides useful information pertaining to diagnosis, pathological conditions, and disease mechanisms, spurring the development of numerous analytical methods for this purpose.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Ru(II)-Dppz Derivatives and DNA
Transition metal complexes with dppz-type ligands (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) are extensively studied and attract a considerable amount of attention, becoming, from the very beginning and increasingly over time, a powerful tool for investigating the structure of the DNA helix. In particular, [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ and their derivatives were extensively investigated as DNA light-switches. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Selection for Wheat Quality
Selection for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain quality is often costly and time-consuming since it requires extensive phenotyping in the last phases of development of new lines and cultivars. The development of high-throughput genotyping in the last decade enabled reliable and rapid predictions of breeding values based only on marker information. Genomic selection (GS) is a method that enables the prediction of breeding values of individuals by simultaneously incorporating all available marker information into a model. The success of GS depends on the obtained prediction accuracy, which is influenced by various molecular, genetic, and phenotypic factors, as well as the factors of the selected statistical model.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2021
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