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Topic Review
Ukrainian Migrants in Poland during COVID-19 Pandemic
Economic and political crises have significant impacts on the situation of foreigners in their host country. Some of these impacts of such crises can be predicted, while others appear unexpectedly. Particularly challenging are those characterised by extreme unusualness and the absence of warning signs that suggest the possibility of their occurrence. The pandemic as an emergency situation entailing restrictions on mobility between countries did not significantly affect the migration decisions of Ukrainians. Disregarding the difficult epidemiological situation, they continued to make decisions on immigration to Poland, guided by individual profit and loss calculations. Others remained in Poland to wait out the crisis. The pandemic has exposed the dependence of the Polish economy on migrant labour and has also shown the deficiencies in migration policy.
  • 679
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Why and How
Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How is a 2016 non-fiction book by Ted Kaczynski.
  • 678
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nomos
Nomos, within the field of sociology, denotes the intricate framework of norms, rules, and cultural conventions that govern and regulate social behavior within a given society. It encompasses both formal and informal mechanisms of social control, reflecting the collective values, beliefs, and customs of a community. Nomos is dynamic, evolving over time in response to societal changes, yet integral to the maintenance of social order and the perpetuation of cultural continuity.
  • 678
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Socio-Cognitive Agents
Socio-cognitive agents should be able to support an agent’s reasoning about other social actors and its relationship with them. Cognitive social frames can be built around social groups, and form the basis for social group dynamics mechanisms and construct of social identity. 
  • 677
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Resource Curse
This phenomenon, which hinders economic growth due to excessive dependence on natural resources, is called “resource curse”.  The resource curse not only brings negative effects on the speed of economic growth, but also causes a series of ecological and social welfare problems, such as environmental pollution and income inequality, which runs counter to the goal of high-quality economic development. 
  • 676
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Legal Working Age
The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category.
  • 672
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Social Capital
Social capital refers to the inherent value embedded in social relationships and networks. It encompasses the trust, reciprocity, and shared norms that facilitate cooperation and collaboration within a community or society. This concept underscores the importance of social connections in fostering collective well-being, economic development, and the overall functioning of human societies.
  • 671
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Network
A social network refers to a structure of social relationships and interactions among individuals, groups, or organizations. These relationships are characterized by connections, ties, or links that facilitate communication, exchange, and interaction within a network of interconnected nodes. Social networks can vary in size, complexity, and purpose, encompassing a wide range of interpersonal, professional, and community-based connections.
  • 659
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Character Mask
The concept of a character mask refers to the persona or facade that individuals adopt to conceal their true thoughts, feelings, or identity in social interactions. This mask serves as a protective mechanism to manage impressions, conform to social norms, or maintain privacy, often resulting in a discrepancy between individuals' public presentation and inner selves. Character masks can vary in complexity and authenticity, influencing individuals' behavior, communication, and interpersonal relationships.
  • 658
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Organization
In a social context, an organization refers to a structured entity composed of individuals or groups with defined roles, responsibilities, and goals, working together to achieve specific objectives. Organizations can vary widely in purpose, size, and complexity, ranging from small community groups to multinational corporations, each characterized by formalized structures, processes, and systems of authority.
  • 639
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Supplemental Security Income
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a United States means-tested tax payer funded program that provides cash payments to individuals residing in the United States who have paid into social security and are eligible to retire. This is not SSD. SSI was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 and is incorporated in Title 16 of the Social Security Act. The program began operations in 1974. SSI was created to replace federal-state adult assistance programs that served the same purpose, but were administered by the state agencies and received criticism for lacking consistent eligibility criteria. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. Although administered by the Social Security Administration, SSI is funded from the U.S. Treasury general funds, not the Social Security trust fund. Today, the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans.
  • 629
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Social Trust and Economic Cyclicality
Nowadays, in the context of a complex fragility that radically transforms the economic habitat, the cyclical evolution of the economy is governed by new rules and constraints that transcend the economic area and increasingly interfere with the sociocultural features of life. The nature of the relationship between social trust and economic dynamics is still little explored and understood, and the research conducted so far is mainly positioned in a macroeconomic perspective, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches that still leave many questions unanswered. 
  • 624
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Vestiarium Scoticum
The Vestiarium Scoticum (full title, Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douay. With an Introduction and Notes, by John Sobieski Stuart) was first published by William Tait of Edinburgh in a limited edition in 1842. John Telfer Dunbar, in his seminal work History of Highland Dress referred to it as "probably the most controversial costume book ever written." The book itself purported to be a reproduction, with color ilustrations, of an ancient manuscript on the clan tartans of Scottish families. Shortly after its publication, it was denounced as a forgery and the "Stuart" brothers who brought it forth, and who claimed to be the grandsons of Bonnie Prince Charlie himself, were likewise denounced as imposters. It is generally accepted today that both the brothers and the Vestiarium are indeed inauthentic. Nevertheless, the role of the book in the history of Scottish tartans is immense, with many of the designs and patterns contained therein passing into the realm of official clan tartans.
  • 617
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Criminal Legal Systems in Disability Community
Disabled people come into contact with the criminal legal system as suspects, defendants, incarcerated persons, victims, and witnesses. Compared to people without disabilities, disabled people are more likely to experience victimization, be arrested, be charged with a crime, and serve longer prison sentences once convicted. These trends are even more profound for disabled people with intersecting marginalized identities, such as people of color, women, poor people, and those who identify as LGBTQ. 
  • 604
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Participative Decision-Making
Participative decision-making (PDM) is the extent to which employers allow or encourage employees to share or participate in organizational decision-making (Probst, 2005). According to (Cotton Vollrath), the format of PDM could be formal or informal. In addition, the degree of participation could range from zero to 100% in different participative management (PM) stages (Cotton et al. 1988; Black & Gregersen 1997; Brenda, 2001). PDM is one of many ways in which an organization can make decisions. The leader must think of the best possible style that will allow the organization to achieve the best results. According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, workers need to feel a sense of belonging to an organization (see Maslow's hierarchy of needs).
  • 603
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory
Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory is a 1987 book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. In the book, Unger sets out a theory of society as artifact, attempting to complete what he describes as an unfinished revolution, begun by classic social theories such as Marxism, against the naturalistic premise in the understanding of human life and society. Politics was published in three volumes: False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy, the longest volume, is an explanatory and programmatic argument of how society might be transformed to be more in keeping with the context-smashing potential of the human imagination; Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task, is a "critical introduction" that delves into issues of social science underpinning Unger's project; and Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success, is a collection of three historical essays illuminating the theoretical points Unger advanced in the first two volumes. In 1997, an abridged, one-volume edition of Politics was issued as Politics, The Central Texts, edited by Zhiyuan Cui.
  • 591
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Culture Inside
CultureInside is a non-profit free social networking site for the artistic community. Founded by Gila and Dominique Paris in 2008, it has offices in Luxembourg and New York City (United States). They frequently use the network to organize online exhibitions, as well as international exhibits in the United States and European Union. In April 2009 they received the label Creativity and Innovation in the European Year 2009.
  • 579
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sociotechnology
Sociotechnology (short for "social technology") is the study of processes on the intersection of society and technology. Vojinović and Abbott define it as "the study of processes in which the social and the technical are indivisibly combined". Sociotechnology is an important part of socio-technical design, which is defined as "designing things that participate in complex systems that have both social and technical aspects". The term has been attributed to Mario Bunge. He defines it as a grouping of social engineering and management science. He sees it thus as a form of technology, distinguished from other branches of it such as engineering, biotechnology, information technology and general technology. Its goal is to help engineer sociosystems and evaluate their performance, while making use of social science research. In short, sociotechnology can be seen as the creation, modification and maintenance of social systems. Writing on sociotechnical change, Bijker wrote: "Society is not determined by technology, nor is technology determined by society. Both emerge as two sides of the sociotechnical coin." Technology is the sum of ways in which social groups construct the material objects of their civilizations. The things made are socially constructed just as much as technically constructed. The merging of these two things, construction and insight, is sociotechnology. "For example, we typically build a bridge when there’s some expectation that people need to get from Point A to Point B, and there’s something they need to bypass along the way (e.g. a river, a canyon, another road). Failure to consider the social factors as well as the technical factors could lead to a "bridge to nowhere" – and we all know at least one person who's had a problem with those".
  • 572
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Postmodernity
Postmodernity, a complex and multidimensional concept within social theory, denotes a cultural, intellectual, and societal shift characterized by a departure from modernist ideals. It challenges the grand narratives and metanarratives of modernism, emphasizing fragmentation, ambiguity, and the rejection of absolute truths. Postmodernity encompasses diverse perspectives and rejects overarching certainties, embracing a more fluid and context-dependent understanding of reality.
  • 571
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Wiser.org
Wiser.org, formerly WiserEarth.org, was a user-generated online community space for the social and environmental movement. As one of the social networks for environmental sustainability and social change, Wiser.org was the primary initiative of the non-profit organization WiserEarth, which tracks the work of non-profits around the world. The site mapped and connected non-governmental organizations (NGOs), businesses, governments, groups, and individuals addressing global issues such as climate change, poverty, the environment, peace, water, hunger, social justice, conservation, human rights, and more. On 6 January 2014, Wiser.org's Executive Director, Peggy Duvette wrote an open letter to all members (which she updated on 24 January 2014) explaining the need for changes and the possibility of archiving the Wiser.org website to the Wayback Machine; and on 17 March 2014 she officially announced that the closure and archiving of the Wiser.org website would occur on 10 April 2014.
  • 570
  • 21 Nov 2022
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