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Topic Review
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Providing Evidence of Predisposition Genes
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the cancers most influenced by hereditary factors. A fourth to a fifth of unselected EOC patients carry pathogenic variants (PVs) in a number of genes, the majority of which encode for proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathways. PVs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are responsible for a substantial fraction of hereditary EOC. In addition, PV genes involved in the MMR pathway account for 10–15% of hereditary EOC. The identification of women with homologous recombination (HR)-deficient EOCs has significant clinical implications, concerning chemotherapy regimen planning and development as well as the use of targeted therapies such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. With several genes involved, the complexity of genetic testing increases. In this context, next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows testing for multiple genes simultaneously with a rapid turnaround time.
  • 590
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cells
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, characterized by silent progression at early stages, heterogeneous behavior and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are rare cancer cells that are released from the primary tumor site, nodal or systemic metastases to the bloodstream. Thus, CTCs play a key role in the metastatic cascade, eventually becoming the precursors of metastasis in distant sites.
  • 590
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin as a Repurposed Drug for Melanoma Treatment
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, with a greater risk of metastasis and a higher prevalence and mortality rate. This cancer type has been demonstrated to develop resistance to the known treatment options such as conventional therapeutic agents and targeted therapy that are being used as the standard of care. Drug repurposing has been explored as a potential alternative treatment strategy against disease pathophysiologies, including melanoma. To that end, multiple studies have suggested that melatonin produced by the pineal gland possesses anti-proliferative and oncostatic effects in experimental melanoma models. The anticarcinogenic activity of melatonin is attributed to its ability to target a variety of oncogenic signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways which are involved in regulating the behavior of cancer cells, including cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, preclinical studies have demonstrated that melatonin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents exerts synergistic effects against melanoma. 
  • 589
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecularly Targeted HNSCC Therapy
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major threat to public health around the world. Its occurrence is linked to genetic events and environmental factors, including Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. Patients with HPV-positive tumors usually have a better prognosis than those with HPV-negative tumors. According to advances in understanding the molecular basis of HNSCC tumors, targeted therapy is thought to improve treatment outcomes.
  • 589
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
ICIs in Thymic Carcinoma
Thymic carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with a dismal prognosis, and there are no established therapeutic regimens for metastatic or recurrent disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, are widely approved in several human cancers, contributing to prolonging survival in thoracic tumors. Thymic carcinoma exhibits histologic properties of squamous cell carcinoma (SQC), and resembles the SQC of the lung. ICIs are not approved in thymic carcinoma. Thus, several clinical trials have been undertaken to demonstrate if they are therapeutically effective for patients with thymic carcinoma.
  • 588
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
3D-Printed Tumour Models
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has revolutionized our perception of how advanced technologies contribute to medical education and clinical practice by augmenting the current visualization tools or standard diagnostic or planning approaches used in the different fields of medicine. 3D printed personalized models serve as a valuable tool in improving understanding of complex anatomy and pathology, in particular, when assessing tumours, since 3D printed physical models provide direct visualization of the tumour in relation to surrounding structures. 
  • 588
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitor in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12–18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality.
  • 588
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Systemic Therapy
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive, primary malignant liver tumor. It is estimated that HCC accounts for approximately 85% of all primary liver tumors. HCC is a highly prevalent cancer worldwide and the incidence is growing due not only to alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, but also to steatohepatitis. HCC, like renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, is a cancer largely resistant to chemotherapy but the advent of anti-angiogenic, targeted and immune therapies have improved survival for all of these cancers. 
  • 588
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma at First Diagnosis
Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a pathological entity with a very poor prognosis that had a low response rate to systemic treatments. In fact, the aggressiveness of melanoma is different depending on whether it debuts directly as metastatic disease or if what occurs is a relapse after a first diagnosis at an early stage, although the biological determinants are largely unknown. Another key aspect in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma at first diagnosis strives in the different prognosis of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) compared to melanoma of known primary (MPK).
  • 587
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Prion Protein in Glioma Tumorigenesis
The carcinogenesis of glial tumors appears complex because of the many genetic and epigenetic phenomena involved. Among these, cellular prion protein (PrPC) is considered a key factor in cell-death resistance and important aspect implicated in tumorigenesis. Autophagy also plays an important role in cell death in various pathological conditions. These two cellular phenomena are related and share the same activation by specific alterations in the cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, there is an interdependence between autophagy and prion activity in glioma tumorigenesis. Glioma is one of the most aggressive known cancers, and the fact that such poorly studied processes as autophagy and PrPC activity are so strongly involved in its carcinogenesis suggests that by better understanding their interaction, more can be understood about its origin and treatment. 
  • 587
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
CSCs in Tumours of the CNS in Children
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells found in various kinds of tumours with stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal, induced differentiation, and tumourigenicity. The existence of CSCs is regarded as a major source of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common solid tumours in children, which have many different types including highly malignant embryonal tumours and midline gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with favourable prognoses.
  • 586
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antibody Secreting Cells in Breast and Ovarian Cancers
Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) constitute a variable fraction of tumor-infiltrating B cells in most solid tumors, and they produce tumor-specific antibodies that can drive distinct immune responses depending on their isotypes and specificities.
  • 585
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
m6A Modification and m6A Regulators in Esophageal Cancer
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) refers to the methylation at the N6 position of adenosine, which is considered to be the most prevalent RNA modification.
  • 585
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Tumor-Targeted Photothermal Therapy/Photodynamic Therapy
Nanotechnology, an emerging and promising therapeutic tool, may improve the effectiveness of phototherapy (PT) in antitumor therapy because of the development of nanomaterials (NMs) with light-absorbing properties. The tumor-targeted PTs, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), transform light energy into heat and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate at the tumor site. The increase in ROS levels induces oxidative stress (OS) during carcinogenesis and disease development. Because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) feature of copper (Cu), a vital trace element in the human body, Cu-based NMs can exhibit good near-infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal properties. Compared with other therapeutic modalities, PTT/PDT can precisely target tumor location to kill tumor cells. Moreover, multiple treatment modalities can be combined with PTT/PDT to treat a tumor using Cu-based NMs.
  • 585
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Preparing for and Not Waiting for Surgery
Cancer surgery is an essential treatment strategy but can disrupt patients’ physical and psychological health. Perioperative medicine is a growing speciality that aims to improve clinical outcome by preparing patients for the stress associated with surgery. Preparation should begin at contemplation of surgery, with universal screening for established risk factors, physical fitness, nutritional status, psychological health, and, where applicable, frailty and cognitive function. 
  • 585
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Precision Medicine and Melanoma
The treatment and management of patients with metastatic melanoma have evolved considerably in the “era” of personalized medicine. Melanoma was one of the first solid tumors to benefit from immunotherapy; life expectancy for patients in advanced stage of disease has improved. However, many progresses have yet to be made considering the (still) high number of patients who do not respond to therapies or who suffer adverse events. In this scenario, precision medicine appears fundamental to direct the most appropriate treatment to the single patient and to guide towards treatment decisions. The recent multi-omics analyses (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, radiomics, etc.) and the technological evolution of data interpretation have allowed to identify and understand several processes underlying the biology of cancer; therefore, improving the tumor clinical management. Specifically, these approaches have identified new pharmacological targets and potential biomarkers used to predict the response or adverse events to treatments.
  • 585
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulating Therapies in Breast Cancer
Review of the role of the immune system in breast cancer. It covers the prognostic and predictive impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore therapeutic advances ranging from immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized vaccination strategies are highlighted.
  • 584
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell Analysis of CTCs and Biomarker Detections
The field of single-cell analysis has advanced rapidly in the last decade and is providing new insights into the characterization of intercellular genetic heterogeneity and complexity, especially in human cancer. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs and DTCs) are cancer cells that dissociate from primary and metastatic cancer sites and enter the circulation with potential to seed distant metastases. CTCs can be enriched or isolated from a simple blood liquid biopsy. Analysis of multiple single CTCs has the potential to allow the identification and characterization of cancer heterogeneity to guide best therapy and predict therapeutic response.
  • 584
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Oligonucleotide-Based Biosensors in Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, with late-stage diagnosis impacting treatment options and decreased survival rates. To address this, there has been a growing interest in the development of innovative screening and diagnostic methods. Nanobiosensors have undergone multiple iterations and unveiled remarkable features that pledge to reshape patient care. 
  • 583
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
Smoldering multiple myeloma was first identified in 1980. It is a heterogeneous asymptomatic precursor to multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, and the intermediate stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma.
  • 582
  • 28 Feb 2022
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