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Topic Review
Melatonin as a Repurposed Drug for Melanoma Treatment
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, with a greater risk of metastasis and a higher prevalence and mortality rate. This cancer type has been demonstrated to develop resistance to the known treatment options such as conventional therapeutic agents and targeted therapy that are being used as the standard of care. Drug repurposing has been explored as a potential alternative treatment strategy against disease pathophysiologies, including melanoma. To that end, multiple studies have suggested that melatonin produced by the pineal gland possesses anti-proliferative and oncostatic effects in experimental melanoma models. The anticarcinogenic activity of melatonin is attributed to its ability to target a variety of oncogenic signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways which are involved in regulating the behavior of cancer cells, including cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, preclinical studies have demonstrated that melatonin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents exerts synergistic effects against melanoma. 
  • 582
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
3D-Printed Tumour Models
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has revolutionized our perception of how advanced technologies contribute to medical education and clinical practice by augmenting the current visualization tools or standard diagnostic or planning approaches used in the different fields of medicine. 3D printed personalized models serve as a valuable tool in improving understanding of complex anatomy and pathology, in particular, when assessing tumours, since 3D printed physical models provide direct visualization of the tumour in relation to surrounding structures. 
  • 582
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CSCs in Tumours of the CNS in Children
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells found in various kinds of tumours with stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal, induced differentiation, and tumourigenicity. The existence of CSCs is regarded as a major source of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common solid tumours in children, which have many different types including highly malignant embryonal tumours and midline gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with favourable prognoses.
  • 582
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Immunotherapies in Breast Cancer
Immunotherapy is a highly emerging form of breast cancer therapy that enables clinicians to target cancers with specific receptor expression profiles. Two popular immunotherapeutic approaches involve chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Briefly mentioned in this review as well is the mRNA vaccine technology recently popularized by the COVID-19 vaccine. These forms of immunotherapy can highly select for the tumor target of interest to generate specific tumor lysis. Combining emerging immunotherapeutics with tumor marker discovery sets the stage for highly targeted immunotherapy to be the future of cancer treatments. This review highlights the principles of CAR-T and BsAb therapy, improvements in CAR and BsAb engineering, and recently identified human breast cancer markers in the context of in vitro or in vivo CAR-T or BsAb treatment. 
  • 581
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, with nearly two million newly diagnosed cases each year. The survival of patients with CRC greatly depends on the cancer stage at the time of diagnosis, with worse prognosis for more advanced cases. Consequently, considerable effort has been directed towards improving population screening programs for early diagnosis and identifying prognostic markers that can better inform treatment strategies.
  • 581
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
General Aspects of Immune-Related Adverse Events
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. Although several studies have shown that ICIs have a better safety profile than chemotherapy, some patients develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which require specialized and multidisciplinary management.
  • 581
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs for Breast Cancer Management
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer (BC) management. In the context of BC patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the possibility of obtaining repeated, non-invasive biological samples from patients before, during, and after treatment is incredibly convenient and provides the opportunity to investigate circulating miRNAs as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic tools. 
  • 581
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Prognostic Factors of Childhood Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas, highly aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) that present significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation, disease course, and treatment outcomes, are common in childhood. Moreover, patients who survive may be diagnosed with subsequent malignancies during their life or could develop treatment-related medical conditions. 
  • 581
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitor in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12–18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality.
  • 581
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Viral Encoded miRNAs in Tumorigenesis
About 15% of all human cancers have a viral etiology. Although progress has been made, understanding the viral oncogenesis and associated molecular mechanisms remain complex. The discovery of cellular miRNAs has led to major breakthroughs. Interestingly, viruses have also been discovered to encode their own miRNAs. These viral, small, non-coding miRNAs are also known as viral-miRNAs (v-miRNAs).
  • 581
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
Smoldering multiple myeloma was first identified in 1980. It is a heterogeneous asymptomatic precursor to multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, and the intermediate stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma.
  • 580
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
m6A Modification and m6A Regulators in Esophageal Cancer
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) refers to the methylation at the N6 position of adenosine, which is considered to be the most prevalent RNA modification.
  • 580
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and refractory subtype of breast cancer, often occurring in younger patients with poor clinical prognosis. Given the current lack of specific targets for effective intervention, the development of better treatment strategies remains an unmet medical need. Over the last decade, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown tremendously, offering immense potential for clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutic applications. While TNBC-EVs have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance and metastasis, they could be repurposed as potential biomarkers for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. 
  • 579
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma at First Diagnosis
Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a pathological entity with a very poor prognosis that had a low response rate to systemic treatments. In fact, the aggressiveness of melanoma is different depending on whether it debuts directly as metastatic disease or if what occurs is a relapse after a first diagnosis at an early stage, although the biological determinants are largely unknown. Another key aspect in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma at first diagnosis strives in the different prognosis of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) compared to melanoma of known primary (MPK).
  • 579
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Macrophage/Microglia Polarization in Treating Glioblastoma/Multiple Sclerosis
Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases.
  • 578
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon form of skin neoplasm with poor histological differentiation and an aggressive disease process, leading to high recurrence and mortality. There are multiple risk factors in which being in an immunocompromised state is a significant factor, and the discovery of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) since 2008 has strengthened causal associations between MCC and immunosuppression. Individuals who have undergone kidney transplantation are therefore more susceptible to having MCC, secondary to post-transplant immunosuppression which plays a vital role in reducing the risk of transplant kidney rejection. 
  • 578
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Preparing for and Not Waiting for Surgery
Cancer surgery is an essential treatment strategy but can disrupt patients’ physical and psychological health. Perioperative medicine is a growing speciality that aims to improve clinical outcome by preparing patients for the stress associated with surgery. Preparation should begin at contemplation of surgery, with universal screening for established risk factors, physical fitness, nutritional status, psychological health, and, where applicable, frailty and cognitive function. 
  • 578
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immunomodulating Therapies in Breast Cancer
Review of the role of the immune system in breast cancer. It covers the prognostic and predictive impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore therapeutic advances ranging from immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized vaccination strategies are highlighted.
  • 577
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oligonucleotide-Based Biosensors in Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, with late-stage diagnosis impacting treatment options and decreased survival rates. To address this, there has been a growing interest in the development of innovative screening and diagnostic methods. Nanobiosensors have undergone multiple iterations and unveiled remarkable features that pledge to reshape patient care. 
  • 577
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutic agents that target tumors with deficiencies in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. Genomic instability characterizes high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), with one half of all tumors displaying defects in the important DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination. Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. It has also become evident that BRCA wild-type patients with other defects in the homologous recombination repair pathway benefit from this treatment. Companion homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores are being developed to guide the selection of patients that are most likely to benefit from PARP inhibition. The choice of which PARP inhibitor is mainly based upon the number of prior therapies and the presence of a BRCA mutation or HRD. The identification of patients most likely to benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy in view of HRD and other biomarker assessments is still challenging. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence for PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, their mechanism of action, and the outstanding issues, including the rate of long-term toxicities and the evolution of resistance.
  • 575
  • 22 Sep 2023
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