Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Phytochemicals from Sugarcane Bagasse and Maize Residues
Billions of tons of agro-industrial residues are produced worldwide. This is associated with the risk of pollution as well as management and economic problems. Simultaneously, non-edible portions of many crops are rich in bioactive compounds with valuable properties. For this reason, developing various methods for utilizing agro-industrial residues (such as sugarcane bagasse and maize residues) as a source of high-value by-products is very important.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Hexavalent Chromium Removal by Electrochemical Processes
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic species. Its origin is in industrial activities. Therefore, its effective control is realized on a source basis. Although chemical methods proved effective in removing Cr(VI) from wastewaters, more economic solutions with a minimum sludge production have been sought. Among them, the use of electrochemical processes has emerged as a viable solution to the problem. Much research was conducted in this area.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network
Biometrics has become an important research issue, and the use of deep learning neural networks has made it possible to develop more reliable and efficient recognition systems. Palms have been identified as one of the most promising candidates among various biometrics due to their unique features and easy accessibility.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Quick Approaches for Assessing Ocular Toxicity with Zebrafish
The presence of contaminants in the environment has increased, and studies have demonstrated that these contaminants have the ability to penetrate the blood–retinal barrier and directly affect the visual systems of organisms. Zebrafish are recognized as an ideal model for human eye diseases due to their anatomical and functional similarities to the human eye, making them an efficient and versatile organism for studying ocular toxicity caused by environmental contaminants in the field of environmental toxicology. Meanwhile, zebrafish exhibit a diverse repertoire of visually mediated behaviors, and their visual system undergoes complex changes in behavioral responses when exposed to environmental contaminants, enabling rapid assessment of the ocular toxicity induced by such pollutants. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Thymoma Classification
Thymomas are considered one of the most prevalent types of mediastinal epithelial tumors, which frequently develop in the anterior mediastinum.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Granger Causality
Identifying causal network problems is important for effective policy and management, and recommendations on climate, epidemiology, and financial regulations. Identifying causality in complex systems can be difficult. Granger causality is an approach that uses predictability as opposed to correlation to identify causation between time series variables. Variable X is said to “Granger cause” Y if the predictability of Y declines when X is removed from the universe of all possible causative variables. The key requirement of Granger causality is separability, namely that information about a causative factor is independently unique to that variable and can be removed by eliminating that variable from the model.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
EFFECT OF SURJECTION ON INHERITANCE, Second Edition
Abstract:  This is Third Edition: Consider an evolutionary process. In most genetic inheritance and in human cultural systems each new offspring is typically assigned to be produced by a specific pair of the previous population. This form of mathematical arrangement is called a surjection. We have thus briefly described the mechanics of genetics – physical mechanics describes the possible forms of loci, and normal genetic statistics describe the results as viability of offspring in actual use. But we have also described much of the mechanics of mathematical anthropology. Understanding that what we know as cultural inheritance is also the result of finding surjections and their consequences, especially in cultures for the expected populations. The review below shows us that in describing evolution, two sorts of statistics are required: those that follow specific inheritance of actual surviving individuals from specific matings, and those which follow population averages on a larger classes of individuals.  The underlying probabilities of each in a population, given the underlying surjections, is that the mathematics of these probabilities can be understood by finite Hilbert spaces.   This does not mean “quantum mechanics” predicts both biological and cultural evolution, thought citations below shows that quantum physics is in fact responsible for the underling group theory that creates biological evolution.  We especially note the brilliant work of L. Gatlin in the 1960’s describing how biological evolution is a necessary part of physics. The parallels to cultural evolution are instead in the relation to how mathematical group theory can affect the potential structuring of subsequent generations.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Choroid Plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment—in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP–CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Acute Myocardial Infarction in COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly become a worldwide health crisis. Although respiratory disease remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID patients, myocardial damage is a common finding. Many possible biological pathways may explain the relationship between COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Increased immune and inflammatory responses, and procoagulant profile have characterized COVID patients. All these responses may induce endothelial dysfunction, myocardial injury, plaque instability, and AMI. Disease severity and mortality are increased by cardiovascular comorbidities. However, a marked fall in AMI admissions has been observed during lockdown, likely due, almost in part, to fear of in-hospital infection. Thus, attention should be also directed to psychological distress and fear, as COVID19 indirect effects on no-COVID diseases can be more harmful than the infection itself.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Uncaria rhynchophylla and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing concern in modern society, and effective drugs for its treatment are lacking. Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) and its main alkaloids have been studied to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. This study aimed to uncover the key components and mechanism of the anti-AD effect of UR alkaloids through a network pharmacology approach.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Flowering Regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Flowering is one of the most critical developmental transitions in plants’ life. The irreversible change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is strictly controlled to ensure the progeny’s success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven flowering genetic pathways have been described under specific growth conditions. However, the evidence suggests that these pathways are tightly interconnected in a complex multilevel regulatory network. Here we summarized the information of our recent publication.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
High-Fat Diet and Small Intestine
The high-fat diet (HFD) of western countries has dramatic effect on the health of several organs, including the digestive tract, leading to the accumulation of fats that can also trigger a chronic inflammatory process, such as that which occurs in non-alcohol steatohepatitis. The effects of a HFD on the small intestine, the organ involved in the absorption of this class of nutrients, are still poorly investigated.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Disease
Organoids represent one of the most important advancements in the field of stem cells during the past decade. The earliest usage of the term goes back to 1946 when Smith and Cochrane described a cystic teratoma case by referring to it as “cystic organoid teratoma”. Organoids, or as the term literally signifies “resembling an organ”, are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culturing systems that originate from self-organizing stem cells, capable of mimicking the in vivo structural and functional specificities of an organ.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biodiesel
Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cartilage Lubrication in Osteoarthritis
The remarkable lubrication properties of normal articular cartilage play an essential role in daily life, providing almost frictionless movements of joints. Alterations of cartilage surface or degradation of biomacromolecules within synovial fluid increase the wear and tear of the cartilage and hence determining the onset of the most common joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA).
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a multi-organ disease characterized by the complex interaction between heart and kidney during acute or chronic injury. The pathogenesis of CRS involves metabolic, hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and inflammatory mechanisms, and atherosclerotic degeneration. In the process of better understanding the bi-directional pathophysiological aspects of CRS, the need to find precise and easy-to-use markers has also evolved.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Patent Eligibility of 3D Bioprinting
A combination of 3D printing techniques and synthetic biology, 3D bioprinting is a promising field. It is expected that 3D bioprinting technologies will have applications across an array of fields, spanning biotechnology, medical surgery and the pharmaceutical industry. Nonetheless, the progress of these technologies could be hindered, unless there is adequate and effective protection for related applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Climate Services
The use of climate services (CS) for the provisioning of climate information for informed decision-making on adaptation action has gained momentum. CS is a scientifically-based information and products that enhance users’ knowledge and understanding about the impacts of climate on their decisions and actions.) “Climate services, involve the timely production, translation, and delivery of useful climate data, information and knowledge for societal decision-making and climate-smart policy and planning”.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
LC-MS-Based Proteomic Analyses to Diagnose Infectious Diseases
Rapid and precise diagnostic methods are required to control emerging infectious diseases effectively. Body fluids are good reservoirs for infectious parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Therefore, recent clinical proteomics methods have focused on body fluids when aiming to discover human- or pathogen-originated diagnostic markers. Here, the clinical characteristics of each body fluid, recent tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) data-acquisition methods, and applications of body fluids for proteomics regarding infectious diseases (including the coronavirus disease of 2019 [COVID-19]), are summarized and discussed.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Manufacturing Planning System Using Dispatch Rules
Specifically, a number of jobs were sorted together based on the material used and then consolidated for subsequent processes, i.e., assigned to the corresponding machines. To achieve the optimal sorting for the received orders, a combinatorial dispatch rule was proposed, which were Earliest Due Date (EDD), First In First Out (FIFO), and Shortest Processing Time (SPT).
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jul 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback