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Topic Review
Neuroprotective Natural Products for AD
Neuroprotective natural products, for exmaple, the cholinesterase inhibitor galantamine, have effects on neurovegetative diseases. Rivastigmine is also a semi-synthetic derivative of a natural product called physostigmine. Mixtures or extracts of natural products might have advantages compared to individual natural compounds, as they have multiple simultaneous target approaches, which could be a novel treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), considering the complexity of its pathophysiology. Mounting evidence has suggested that herbs or herbal formulations, together with mixtures obtained from other natural sources, may provide cognitive benefits to AD patients. Consequently, various natural sources and their extracts are extensively employed in animal models and AD patients.
  • 852
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). 
  • 846
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Regular Physical Activity in Neuroprotection
One of the major obstacles that prevents an effective therapeutic intervention against ischemic stroke is the lack of neuroprotective agents able to reduce neuronal damage; this results in frequent evolution towards a long-term disability with limited alternatives available to aid in recovery. Nevertheless, various treatment options have shown clinical efficacy. Neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), widely produced throughout the brain, but also in distant tissues such as the muscle, have demonstrated regenerative properties with the potential to restore damaged neural tissue. Neurotrophins play a significant role in both protection and recovery of function following neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury. Unfortunately, the efficacy of exogenous administration of these neurotrophins is limited by rapid degradation with subsequent poor half-life and a lack of blood–brain-barrier permeability. Regular exercise seems to be a therapeutic approach able to induce the activation of several pathways related to the neurotrophins release. Exercise, furthermore, reduces the infarct volume in the ischemic brain and ameliorates motor function in animal models increasing astrocyte proliferation, inducing angiogenesis and reducing neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress. One of the most critical issues is to identify the relationship between neurotrophins and myokines, newly discovered skeletal muscle-derived factors released during and after exercise able to exert several biological functions. Various myokines (e.g., Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Irisin) have recently shown their ability to protects against neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia models, suggesting that these substances may influence the degree of neuronal damage in part via inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways.
  • 839
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Movement Disorders Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Infections are a significant cause of movement disorders. The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are variable, with up to one-third of patients developing neurologic complications, including movement disorders. 
  • 837
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Post-Acute COVID-19 Neurological Syndrome
The emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2 had, and still has, devastating socio-economic aspects. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups of people is crucial for the adaptation of governments’ responses. Growing scientific evidence suggests that it is essential to keep the attention on people after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection; indeed, some clinical manifestations are frequently present even after recovery. There is consensus on the need to define which symptoms persist after the infection and which disabilities may arise after COVID-19. Recent reviews, case reports, and original contributions suggest that various organs may be affected, and neurological symptoms are present in about one third of patients with COVID-19. Neurological complications after severe COVID-19 infection might include delirium, brain inflammation, stroke, and nerve damage. In the recent pandemic, neurologists and neurobiologists have a chance to study key features of infection neurology. 
  • 831
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Omega-3's Biological Actions
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting more than 20 million individuals worldwide. According to the well-established clinical staging model, schizophrenia is a progressive illness that typically emerges during late adolescence and transitions through several evolving stages: early vulnerability, at-risk mental state (also called ultra-high risk, abbreviated UHR), first episode psychosis (FEP), and chronic schizophrenia. The transition from one stage to the other is not inevitable, and it has been observed that only one-third of UHR individuals convert to psychosis after a 3-year follow-up.
  • 830
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 827
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Stroke and Epilepsy in SSA
Eighty percent of people with stroke live in low- to middle-income nations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where stroke has increased by more than 100% in the last decades. More than one-third of all epilepsy−related deaths occur in SSA. HIV infection is a risk factor for neurological disorders, including stroke and epilepsy. The vast majority of the 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS are in SSA, and the burden of neurological disorders in SSA parallels that of HIV/AIDS.
  • 825
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
WMHs and Vascular Cognitive Impairment
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) of presumed vascular origin are one of the imaging markers of cerebral small-vessel disease, which is prevalent in older individuals and closely associated with the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment. The heterogeneous nature of the imaging manifestations of WMHs creates difficulties for early detection and diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) associated with WMHs. Because the underlying pathological processes and biomarkers of WMHs and their development in cognitive impairment remain uncertain, progress in prevention and treatment is lagging. For this reason,this paper reviews the status of research on the features of WMHs related to VCI,as well as mediators associated with both WMHs and VCI,and summarizes potential treatment strategies for the prvention and intervention in WMHs associated with VCI.
  • 824
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Botulinum Toxin Type A for Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by an unpleasant urge to move the lower limbs. The prevalence of RLS varies by region, ethnicity, sex, and age, ranging from 5–15% . Its pathophysiology remains unclear. Criteria for the diagnosis of RLS include the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) and International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3). The ICSD-3 criteria require distress and associated sleep disturbance, which is different from the IRLSSG consensus [2]. As for the measurement of disease severity for RLS, the IRLSSG rating scale (IRLS) was proposed. It assesses a range of RLS related symptoms and their impact on patients’ mood and daily life, and it has been proved reliable, valid, and responsive in clinical trials.
  • 824
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Speech- and Language-Based Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most devastating brain diseases in the world, especially in the more advanced age groups. It is a progressive neurological disease that results in irreversible loss of neurons, particularly in the cortex and hippocampus, which leads to characteristic memory loss and behavioral changes in humans. Communicative difficulties (speech and language) constitute one of the groups of symptoms that most accompany dementia and, therefore, should be recognized as a central study instrument. This recognition aims to provide earlier diagnosis, resulting in greater effectiveness in delaying the disease evolution. Speech analysis, in general, represents an important source of information encompassing the phonetic, phonological, lexical-semantic, morphosyntactic, and pragmatic levels of language organization. The first signs of cognitive decline are quite present in the discourse of neurodegenerative patients so that diagnosis via speech analysis of these patients is a viable and effective method, which may even lead to an earlier and more accurate diagnosis.
  • 824
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diets in the Management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Epilepsy is an important medical problem with approximately 50 million patients globally. No more than 70% of epileptic patients will achieve seizure control after antiepileptic drugs, and several epileptic syndromes, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), are predisposed to more frequent pharmacoresistance. Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are a form of non-pharmacological treatments used in attempts to provide seizure control for LGS patients who experience pharmacoresistance. In general, KDTs are diets rich in fat and low in carbohydrates that put the organism into the state of ketosis. A classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is the best-evaluated KDT, while alternative KDTs, such as the medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCT), modified Atkins diet (MAD), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) present several advantages due to their better tolerability and easier administration. The literature reports regarding LGS suggest that KDTs can provide ≥50% seizure reduction and seizure-free status in a considerable percentage of the patients.
  • 824
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Methods of Muscle Tone Diagnosis
“Muscle tone” is a clinically important and widely used term and palpation is a crucial skill for its diagnosis. However, the term is defined rather vaguely, and palpation is not measurable objectively. Therefore, several methods have been developed to measure muscle tone objectively, in terms of biomechanical properties of the muscle. 
  • 824
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Photo-Dependent Reflex Seizures
Reflex seizures (RS) are a group of epilepsies in which seizures are triggered by a specific stimulus. Children and adolescents are the largest at-risk group for the appearance of reflex seizures or epilepsy syndromes with a photoparoxysmal response.
  • 821
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transitional Model for SCZ
Translational psychiatry proposes a new psychopathological paradigm in Schizophrenia (SCZ). Firstly an important acquisition is to consider SCZ as a neurodevelopmental disease. SCZ spectrum is a condition in which genes and environment interact in different phases of the development, causing an individual neurobiological vulnerability. Continuous distress may lead to transdiagnostic conditions as emotional dysregulation, SCZ basic symptoms, psychosis. An early and timely diagnosis and treatment is mandatory, too watchful and waiting conservative approach may risk to increase DUP and worsen prognosis and outcome in some cases.In this context translational psychiatry may change psychiatrist clinical approach reconsidering old categories, stimulating a careful analysis of risk factors, and promoting the correct use of new and safer molecules.
  • 811
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
New Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases
The complex network of malfunctioning pathways occurring in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represents a huge hurdle in the development of new effective drugs to be used in therapy. In this context, redox reactions act as crucial regulators in the maintenance of neuronal microenvironment homeostasis. Particularly, their imbalance results in the severe compromising of organism’s natural defense systems and subsequently, in the instauration of deleterious OS, that plays a fundamental role in the insurgence and progress of NDDs.
  • 811
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Depressive Disorders
Around 15% of the world population has been diagnosed with a depressive disorder at least once in their life. The average annual prevalence of depressive disorders among the adult population, according to the World Health Organization, is 5%. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Depression negatively impacts the ability to work, decreases the quality of life, and constitutes a major risk factor for suicide and other adverse health outcomes. Subclinical depression may also precede the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 809
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Functions
Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) consists of a large number of vegetables, fruits, beans, legumes, whole grains, olive oil, seeds, herbs and spices, as well as fish, seafood, eggs, cheese and poultry and disrecommends unusual red meats and sweets. In particular, a high intake of fish and low intake of alcohol contributes to the delay of cognitive decline.
  • 807
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dysferlinopathy
Dysferlinopathy is a disease caused by a dysferlin deficiency due to mutations in the DYSF gene. Dysferlin is a membrane protein in the sarcolemma and is involved in different functions, such as membrane repair and vesicle fusion, T-tubule development and maintenance, Ca2+ signalling, and the regulation of various molecules. Miyoshi Myopathy type 1 (MMD1) and Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2B/R2 (LGMD2B/LGMDR2) are two possible clinical presentations, yet the same mutations can cause both presentations in the same family. They are therefore grouped under the name dysferlinopathy. 
  • 803
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Major Depression and PTSD Biomarkers
Even though major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are among the most prevalent and incapacitating mental illnesses in the world, their diagnosis still relies solely on the characterization of subjective symptoms (many of which are shared by multiple disorders) self-reported by patients and biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis and treatment are still an unmet necessity.
  • 792
  • 09 Mar 2021
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