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Topic Review
Central Lines and Their Complications in Neonates
Central lines are essential devices in NICUs, used primarily in preterm neonates and critically ill term neonates. They are typically divided into non-tunnelled, tunnelled and totally implanted. In light of the increasing use of central lines in the NICU setting, monitoring of the risk factors associated with complications has to be an important part of neonatal care quality management. 
  • 622
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Asthma Inception in Children
Asthma is the most frequent chronic childhood disease: the mean worldwide symptom prevalence of current wheezing in the last 12 months is about 13% in adolescents (13–14 years) and 11% in children (6–7 years). It is thus not uncommon for these two prevalent diseases to coincide in a considerable number of children; if the prevalence remained the same as in the general population there should be approximately 2% of obese, asthmatic children. If asthma favoured the development of obesity or vice versa, then this figure would have to be even higher.
  • 620
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prognostic Factors for Cardiotoxicity among Children with Cancer
Improvements in the treatment of childhood cancer have considerably enhanced survival rates over the last decades to over 80% as of today. However, this great achievement has been accompanied by the occurrence of several early and long-term treatment-related complications major of which is cardiotoxicity.
  • 617
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Management and Therapy of Precocious Puberty
Puberty identifies the transition from childhood to adulthood. Precocious puberty is the onset of signs of pubertal development before age eight in girls and before age nine in boys, it has an incidence of 1/5000–1/10,000 with an F:M ratio ranging from 3:1 to 20:1. Precocious puberty can be divided into central, also known as gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty or true precocious puberty, and peripheral, also recognized as gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty or precocious pseudopuberty. 
  • 615
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Genetics of Hemiplegic Migraine
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare form of migraine with an aura characterized by transient motor weakness or hemiparesis (motor aura). HM is also associated with other non-motor aura manifestations (visual, sensory, aphasic, or basilar-type/brainstem symptoms) and with other symptoms typically accompanying migraine, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. A motor aura represents the peculiarity of HM compared to other forms of migraine with aura (MA), and its diagnostic criteria have been updated in the latest classification of headache disorders. HM can be sporadic (SHM) or familial (FHM), with autosomal dominant inheritance.
  • 614
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota in Newborn from Birth to Weaning
Nutrients play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the microbiota, derived not only from solid food but also from maternal dietary patterns during gestation.
  • 608
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sex-Specific Effects of Nutritional Supplements for Infants
Neonatal nutritional supplements may improve early growth for infants born small, but effects on long-term growth are unclear and may differ by sex. Macronutrient supplementation for infants born small may not alter BMI in childhood. Supplementation increased growth in infancy, but these effects did not persist in later life. The effects did not differ between boys and girls. 
  • 602
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Multimodal Management of Asthma in Adolescents
Asthma and adolescence are two sensitive points and are difficult to manage when they coexist. The first is a chronic respiratory condition, with frequent onset in early childhood (between 3 and 5 years), which can improve or worsen with age. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood (12–19 years), marked by various internal and external conflicts and a limited capacity to understand and accept any aspect that is delimited by the pattern of the social circle (of the entourage) frequented by the individual. Therefore, the clinician is faced with multiple attempts regarding the management of asthma encountered during the adolescent period, starting from the individualization of the therapy to the control of compliance (which depends equally on the adverse reactions, quality of life offered and support of the close circle) and the social integration of the subject, communication probably having a more important role in the monitoring and evolution of the condition than the preference for a certain therapeutic scheme.
  • 597
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Dysbiosis and Allergic Diseases
The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has been linked to the development of various allergic diseases with potential long-term implications.
  • 595
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biofilm Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Neonatal sepsis is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A significant proportion of bacteria causing neonatal sepsis is resistant to multiple antibiotics, not only to the usual empirical first-line regimens, but also to second- and third-line antibiotics in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). NICUs have unique antimicrobial stewardship goals.
  • 591
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for the Detection and Analysis of Noroviruses
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) belong to the genus of norovirus in the family of Caliciviridae and are the predominant cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis around the world. Norovirus has a positive-strand RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kb, which contains three open reading frames (ORF). 
  • 588
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Vitamin D
Vitamin D metabolism manifests significant changes in pregnant women in comparison to the non-pregnant state, but several questions about the role of vitamin D in pregnancy remain unanswered. Vitamin D deficiency has been reported among pregnant women and nursing mothers globally, constituting a risk group for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been associated not only with pregnancy outcomes but also with the posterior physical and mental health of the offspring.
  • 588
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome in Youth
In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all the components and, in theory, is a reversible condition. Nevertheless, the load that this condition can exert on the β-cell function at the pubertal transition is such as to determine its rapid and irreversible deterioration leading to plain diabetes.
  • 582
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Sleep Respiratory Disorders
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk factor. Measurements from echocardiography have shown impairments in the anatomy and function of the heart related to the severity of OSA.
  • 579
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Human Microbiome
The main purpose is to popularize information about the impact of dysbiosis on the pathogenesis and evolutionary course of pediatric patients with SLE. Added to this is the interest in knowledge and awareness of adjunctive therapeutic means that has the ultimate goal of increasing the quality of life. The means by which this can be achieved can be briefly divided into prophylactic or curative, depending on the phase of the condition in which the patient is.
  • 575
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Asthma and Childhood Obesity
Several epidemiological studies have described childhood obesity as a risk factor for atopic disease, particularly asthma. At the same time, this association seems to be more conflicting for allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria.
  • 572
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Mature miRNAs in Digestive System
The endogenous miRNAs of breast milk are the products of more than 1000 nonprotein-coding genes, giving rise to mature small regulatory molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. They are incorporated in macromolecular complexes, loaded on Argonaute proteins, sequestrated in exosomes and lipid complexes, or present in exfoliated cells of epithelial, endothelial, or immune origins. Their expression is dependent on the stage of lactation; however, their detection depends on progress in RNA sequencing and the reappraisal of the definition of small RNAs. Some miRNAs from plants are detected in breast milk, opening the possibility of the stimulation of immune cells from the allergy repertoire. Each miRNA harbors a seeding sequence, which targets mRNAs, gene promoters, or long noncoding RNAs. Their activities depend on their bioavailability. Efficient doses of miRNAs are estimated to be roughly 100 molecules in the cytoplasm of target cells from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Each miRNA is included in networks of stimulation/inhibition/sequestration, driving the expression of cellular phenotypes. Three types of stress applied during lactation to manipulate miRNA supply were explored using rodent offspring: a foster mother, a cafeteria diet, and early weaning.
  • 569
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Nutrition in Cardiovascular Damage
The cardiovascular system is a well-known target of antineoplastic treatments, including anthracyclines, chest radiotherapy and new molecules, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Researchers investigated nutritional changes in children with cancer from the diagnosis to the end of treatment and dietary habits in cancer survivors. At diagnosis, children with cancer may present variable degrees of malnutrition, potentially affecting drug tolerability and prognosis. 
  • 568
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Sepsis on Immune Response
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. 
  • 567
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Patient Education on Oral Chemotherapy at Home
Oral chemotherapy (OC) has been increasingly used in pediatric patients diagnosed with cancer, which is primarily managed in the outpatient setting. Different from adults, pediatric patients face unique challenges in administering these hazardous medications at home. Because of the complexity of pediatric pharmaceutical care and the hazardous nature of chemotherapy agents, comprehensive patient education is imperative to mitigate the potential safety risks associated with OC administration at home. Pharmacists play a vital role in patient education and medication consultations. 
  • 564
  • 27 Oct 2023
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