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Topic Review
Iodine in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond
The main biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid gland. In addition, iodine is thought to represent one of the oldest antioxidants in living organisms. Moreover, iodine oxidation to hypoiodite (IO−) has been shown to possess strong bactericidal as well as antiviral and antifungal activity. Finally, and importantly, iodine has been demonstrated to exert antineoplastic effects in human cancer cell lines.
  • 960
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hypothalamic Inflammation and PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by reproductive, endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric abnormalities. More than one pathogenic mechanism is involved in its development. On the other hand, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions of the body, including weight balance, food intake, and reproduction. A high-fat diet with a large amount of long-chain saturated fatty acids can induce inflammation in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurons can sense extracellular glucose concentrations and participate, with a feedback mechanism, in the regulation of whole-body glucose homeostasis. When consumed nutrients are rich in fat and sugar, and these regulatory mechanisms can trigger inflammatory pathways resulting in hypothalamic inflammation. The latter has been correlated with metabolic diseases, obesity, and depression.
  • 960
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Ketogenic Diet
Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and cancer. The KD diet could potentially increase genetic diversity of the microbiome and increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The epigenome might be positively affected by the KD since it creates a signaling molecule known as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). KD has helped patients with diabetes reduce their HbA1c and reduce the need for insulin. There is evidence to suggest that a KD can help with weight loss, visceral adiposity, and appetite control. The evidence also suggests that eating a high-fat diet improves lipid profiles by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lowering triglycerides (TG). Due to the Warburg effect, the KD is used as an adjuvant treatment to starve cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation.
  • 957
  • 11 Aug 2024
Topic Review
GSH/NO in Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-enzymatic antioxidant playing an important role in detoxification and signal transduction by modulation of protein thiols redox status and direct scavenging of radicals. The latter function is not only performed against reactive oxygen species (ROS) but GSH also has a fundamental role in buffering nitric oxide (NO), a physiologically-produced molecule having multifaceted functions. The efficient rate of GSH synthesis and high levels of GSH-dependent enzymes are characteristic features of healthy skeletal muscle where, besides the canonical functions, it is also involved in muscle contraction regulation. 
  • 956
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Interventions with polyphenols in osteoarthritis
Polyphenols are plant-derived molecules with established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings and preclinical models in OA. As more knowledge is gained in the research field, an interesting approach in the management of OA is the additive and/or synergistic effects that polyphenols may have in an optimized supplement. 
  • 954
  • 30 Apr 2021
Biography
Leonid Lapp
Leonid Lapp, born on December 5, 1953, in Ukraine, is a renowned figure in the realms of medical psychology, nutrition, and mental health, holding the prestigious title of Doctor honoris causa. His illustrious career, marked by a unique blend of engineering skills and a deep commitment to human health, has spanned various countries, including Russia, Israel, and currently Canada. Initially trai
  • 949
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genomics in Personalized Nutrition
Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data are now quickly and inexpensively acquired, raising the prospect of creating personalized dietary recommendations based on an individual's genetic variability at multiple SNPs. In this review, we discuss the current potential for precision nutrition based on an individual's genetic data. We also review complicating issues and their impact on our ability to predict responses to dietary interventions. 
  • 948
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Whole Goat Milk Formula
Whole goat milk can be used as a source of protein, fat and lactose to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas. The use of whole goat milk without adjustment of the whey:casein ratio results in a formula with an average of 50% of its lipids from goat milk fat, supplying palmitic acid (including at the sn-2 position), short and medium chain fatty acids, milk fat globule membrane and cholesterol.
  • 945
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Antioxidant Nutraceuticals against Neurodegenerative Disease
This entry discusses on selected nutraceuticals and their plausible antioxidant effects on Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, curcumin and vitamin E alleviate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, metal chelators, and enhance antioxidant enzymes. Additionally they regulate intracellular signaling such as inflammatory, survival and apoptotic pathways. 
  • 944
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Arsenic-induced Health Hazards
Arsenic (As) is a naturally found crystalline metalloid with ubiquitous distribution throughout the earth’s crust. As exposure to the human food chain ecosystem comprises air, water, food, and soil. Daily diet contamination depends on the inorganic or organic forms, oxidation state, water solubility, and food matrix. The differentiation and categorization of different foods as sources of inorganic and organic As contamination in daily life is an important issue.
  • 934
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Flavonoid Quercetin
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid present in vegetables, fruits, and beverages, such as onions, apples, broccoli, berries, citrus fruits, tea, and red wine. Flavonoids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, acting in the prevention of several diseases. 
  • 933
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet (MD)
The Mediterranean Diet (MD), UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, has become a scientific topic of high interest due to its health benefits. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies that report nutrigenomic or nutrigenetic data and recapitulate some of the biochemical/genomic/genetic aspects involved in the positive health effects of the MD. These include (i) the antioxidative potential of its constituents with protective effects against several diseases; (ii) the epigenetic and epigenomic effects exerted by food components, such as Indacaxanthin, Sulforaphane, and 3-Hydroxytyrosol among others, and their involvement in the modulation of miRNA expression; (iii) the existence of predisposing or protective human genotypes due to allelic diversities and the impact of the MD on disease risk. A part of the review is dedicated to the nutrigenomic effects of the main cooking methods used in the MD and also to a comparative analysis of the nutrigenomic properties of the MD and other diet regimens and non-MD-related aliments. Taking all the data into account, the traditional MD emerges as a diet with a high antioxidant and nutrigenomic modulation power, which is an example of the “Environment-Livings-Environment” relationship and an excellent patchwork of interconnected biological actions working toward human health.
  • 932
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Approach, Bioactive Compounds, and Mechanism of Obesity
Obesity is arising as a global pandemic throughout the world. Obesity has tripled worldwide, creating an alarming situation. The majority of people nowadays are suffering from obesity and overweight. It affects health of people of all age groups, ethnicity, gender, and sex, and is linked to a sedentary lifestyle of people, poor eating habits, and disturbed sleeping patterns. It causes several diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, gallstones, and colon cancer. Many synthetic anti-obesity drugs such as orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine, bupropion, and liraglutide are already available on the market. However, these drugs have side effects, including dry mouth and sleeping disorders, dizziness, blood pressure, heart rate elevation, constipation, and headache. Humans have a long and ancient history of dependency on traditional medicinal plants and their major bioactive antioxidant components, such as quercetin, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid, for treating such diseases and disorders. 
  • 928
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Trace Minerals and Anxiety
Anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear or avoidance of perceived threats. Diet is a modifiable risk factor that may contribute to the pathogenesis or treatment of anxiety, depending on diet quality. Trace mineral treatments for the relief of anxiety have been investigated.
  • 928
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition Helps DNA-Repair in Aging
Micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements are crucial for maintaining the health of all organisms. Micronutrients are involved in every cellular/biochemical process. They play roles in the proper heart and brain functioning, influence immunological response, and antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, prolonged deficiency in one or more of them leads to cardiovascular or neurodegenerative disorders. Keeping micronutrients at adequate levels is especially important for seniors. They are prone to deficiencies due to age-associated functional decline and often diet poor in nutrients. Moreover, the lack of micronutrients has an indirect impact on the genome. Their low levels reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and therefore inhibit the efficiency of defense against free radicals which may lead to the formation of DNA lesions. The more DNA damage in the genetic material, the faster aging at the cellular level and a higher risk of pathological processes (e.g. carcinogenesis). Supplementation of crucial antioxidative micronutrients such as selenium, zinc, vitamin C, and E seems to have the potential to positively influence the condition of an aging organism, including minimizing inflammation, enhancing antioxidative defense, and limiting the formation of DNA lesions. In consequence, it might lead to lowering the risk and incidence of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and malnutrition. In this article, we attempt to present the synergistic action of selected antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc) in inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage, which may impede the process of healthy aging.
  • 927
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
General Aspects of Magnesium in the Human Body
Magnesium is one of the most prominent cations in the human body, with distribution of its concentrations in both extracellular and intracellular areas. Magnesium, in both complex and ionized form, has critical relevance in metabolic functions and homeostasis, serving as a moderator in enzymatic processes. A first important aspect is the role of magnesium in the activation of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy source for cells. Magnesium improves muscle function by competitively binding to calcium sites and ensuring muscle relaxation.
  • 922
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
The Effects of Diets on the “Gut–Brain” Pathways
With depression becoming increasingly prevalent, being closely associated with stress, and many patients exhibiting resistance to current treatments, depression pathophysiology requires further elucidation. Recent research has shown complex bidirectional links between the brain and the gut, and the gut microbiota and the influence of diet is beginning to provide new clues to the complex nature of this disorder. It is well known that diet is a key modulator of gut microbial composition. In humans, good quality plant-based diets such as the Mediterranean diet have been shown to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the gut, increase Bifidobacterium and Clostridium, as well as lower the risk of depression, while poorer quality diets such as the Western diet have been shown to reduce Lactobacillus in the gut, reduce overall gut microbial diversity and have been associated with increased depression risk. Evaluating the effects of diets on the brain-to-gut and gut-to-brain mechanisms in animal models of stress and depression may aid in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of depression and may provide novel therapeutic approaches. 
  • 919
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic-(Dysfunction) Associated Fatty Liver Disease
Metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and one of the most important systemic, metabolic-related disorders all over the world associated with severe medical and socio-economic repercussions due to its growing prevalence, clinical course (steatohepatitis and/or hepatocellular-carcinoma), and related extra-hepatic comorbidities. 
  • 918
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sleep Duration and Weight Loss
Sufficient sleep is essential for maintaining healthy physical, mental, and emotional functioning. Optimal sleep duration is determined by several intra- and inter-individual characteristics. A duration of 7–9 h of sleep a night is considered appropriate to support good health in adults of 18–60 years of age, with an optimal average of 7.5 h.
  • 918
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products for Alleviating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease all over the world due to the obesity pandemic; currently, therapeutic options for NAFLD are scarce, except for diet recommendations and physical activity. NAFLD is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat deposits (>5%) in the liver with subsequent inflammation and fibrosis. Studies in the literature show that insulin resistance (IR) may be considered as the key mechanism in the onset and progression of NAFLD. Using natural products, for example, spirulina, oleuropein, garlic, berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, ginseng, glycyrrhizin, coffee, cocoa powder, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and bromelain, as an alternative approach in the treatment of NAFLD has drawn growing attention among physicians.
  • 917
  • 06 Jan 2022
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