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Topic Review
Müllerian Agenesis Causing Congenital Uterine Factor Infertility
Infertility affects around 1 in 5 couples in the world. Congenital absence of the uterus results in absolute infertility in females. Müllerian agenesis is the nondevelopment of the uterus. Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a condition of uterovaginal agenesis in the presence of normal ovaries and the 46 XX Karyotype. With advancements in reproductive techniques, women with MA having biological offspring is possible. 
  • 779
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prader-Willi Syndrome and Physical Activity
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most frequent cause of genetic obesity, with a prevalence between one in 20,000 and one in 30,000 births. PWS is a complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by an absence of expression of imprinted alleles of paternal origin on chromosome 15. PWS is characterized by severe hypotonia and feeding difficulties in early infancy, followed in early childhood by excessive eating and gradual development of severe obesity.
  • 778
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Advances in Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome
Preeclampsia (PE) constitutes one of the principal reasons for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The circumstance typically implicates formerly healthful normotensive women, after 20 weeks of gestation, typically withinside the third trimester, without regarded threat elements or past deliveries. PE can be further complicated with hemolysis and thrombocytopenia, leading to the emergence of HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low platelets). Both conditions are classified as hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP), and their pathogenesis has been linked to an excessive maternal inflammatory response, accompanied by enhanced endothelial activation. 
  • 773
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MRI Staging in Locally Advanced Vulvar Cancer
MR imaging provides excellent spatial and contrast resolution to stage locally advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC) for tumor and nodal evaluation in order to facilitate the planning of treatment. Although there are no standard indications for how to estimate the clinical stage of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics at diagnosis, MR imaging can depict the tumor and its extension to the vulvar region and adjacent organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and anus. Optimizing the MR imaging protocol and technique is fundamental for correct staging.
  • 767
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Systemic Manifestations of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder that may present with various symptoms and signs. The manifestation of preeclampsia is widely perceived to be centered around hypertension and proteinuria, but clinical presentations could be variable in essence. 
  • 767
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clotting Factor Deficiencies in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Clotting Factor deficiencies are rare disorders with variations in clinical presentation and severity of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to mild to life-threatening bleeding. Thus, they pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, mainly for the primary health care providers, general practitioners, and gynecologists who are more likely to first encounter these patients. An additional diagnostic challenge arises from the variable laboratory presentations, as PT, PTT, and BT are not always affected. The morbidity is higher among women of reproductive age since Abnormal Uterine Bleeding–specifically Heavy Menstrual Bleeding–is one of the most prevalent manifestations of these disorders, and in some cases of severe deficiencies has led to life-threatening episodes of bleeding requiring blood transfusions or even immediate surgical intervention. Physician awareness is important as, in the case of some of these disorders–i.e., Factor XIII deficiency–prophylactic treatment is available and recommended.
  • 766
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vibrational Biospectroscopy for Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis and Screening
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of death among women worldwide. Early detection and treatment are associated with a favourable prognosis and reduction in mortality. Unlike other common cancers, however, screening strategies lack the required sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to be successfully implemented in clinical practice and current diagnostic approaches are invasive, costly and time consuming. Such limitations highlight the unmet need to develop diagnostic and screening alternatives for EC, which should be accurate, rapid, minimally invasive and cost-effective. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Raman, exploit the atomic vibrational absorption induced by interaction of light and a biological sample, to generate a unique spectral response: a “biochemical fingerprint”. These are non-destructive techniques and, combined with multivariate statistical analysis, have been shown over the last decade to provide discrimination between cancerous and healthy samples, demonstrating a promising role in both cancer screening and diagnosis. 
  • 763
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Raman Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common women’s cancer in the world, and unfortunately mainly affects younger women. Current methods for screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer and precancer are therefore limited, and there has been much interest in the use of optical spectroscopic approaches, such as Raman spectroscopy, to provide an objective test based on the biochemical fingerprint of the cervical cells or tissues. Raman spectroscopy is based on inelastic scattering, which has been used to study the biomolecular fingerprint of cells or tissues. It involves shining a laser on a sample and measuring the scattered photons. When a photon collides on a molecule, it either retains its energy (known as Rayleigh scattering) or exchanges energy with the molecule (known as Raman scattering).
  • 759
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Prenatal Opioid Exposure
Prenatal opioid exposure (POE) has been linked with increased infant risk, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood. The objective of the meta-analysis was to systematically investigate the association between POE and ADHD symptoms in children 2-18 years.
  • 757
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Most patients with epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are at advanced stages (stage III–IV), for which the recurrence rate is high and the 5-year survival rate is low. The most effective treatment for advanced diseases involves a debulking surgery followed by adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Nevertheless, systemic treatment with intravenous chemotherapeutic agents for peritoneal metastasis appears to be less effective due to the poor blood supply to the peritoneal surface with low drug penetration into tumor nodules. Based on this reason, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) emerges as a new therapeutic alternative. By convection and diffusion, the hyperthermic chemotherapeutic agents can directly contact intraperitoneal tumors and produce cytotoxicity. In a two-compartment model, the peritoneal–plasma barrier blocks the leakage of chemotherapeutic agents from peritoneal cavity and tumor tissues to local vessels, thus maintaining a higher concentration of chemotherapeutic agents within the tumor tissues to facilitate tumor apoptosis and a lower concentration of chemotherapeutic agents within the local vessels to decrease systemic toxicity. 
  • 757
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome and Gynecologic Tumors
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a genetic condition predisposing to a variety of tumors, including endometrial (EC) and ovarian cancers (OC), with cancer lifetime risk depending on the specific LS-mutation involved. Universal Screening is the standard for LS detection. Prophylactic surgery is a risk-reducing option that may be considered, and the age at hysterectomy and recommendation for bilateral oophorectomy depend on the mutated variant and offspring desire. Besides surgery, chemoprevention via contraceptives combination or progestin-alone is a viable option, and vaccination with tumor-specific antigens has shown promising results in mouse models.
  • 755
  • 18 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Recurrent pregnancy loss is a common problem in the reproductive age population of women. It can be caused by many different conditions. This problem is addressed in international guidelines that take a slightly different approach to its diagnosis and treatment.
  • 750
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Total/Subtotal Hysterectomy for the Treatment of Endometriosis
Hysterectomy is associated with risks; the risk of complications is greater in women with endometriosis. The majority of hysterectomies include removal of the cervix, but the rate of subtotal hysterectomies with retention of the cervical stump has increased in the last few decades.
  • 746
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal Treatment of Cervical Cancer in Disease Stage
Cervical cancer continues to be among the most common malignancies in women, and important measures have been taken to reduce its incidence. The first and most important steps to achieve this goal are oriented toward prevention through screening programs and vaccination, mainly against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) strains 16 and 18. The therapeutic approach is based on the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for cervical cancer, which establish for each stage (FIGO, TNM) specific conduct. These guidelines summarize quite precisely the elements of therapeutic practice, but, in some places, they leave optional variants based on which nuanced approaches could be established. 
  • 745
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome and PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases among women of reproductive age and is associated with many metabolic manifestations, such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenism.
  • 744
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Medicine in the Gynecological Malignancies
Gynecological malignancies include ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer, and greatly affect female health and quality of life worldwide. Despite promising advancements in the detection and the treatment of cancers, there are still uncertainties in the diagnostic methods, which in turn can contribute to patient mortality.
  • 740
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fournier’s Gangrene Therapy in Gynecological Patients
Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a serious pathology of the soft tissues and fascia of the perineum and genital region with a high morbidity and mortality rate. In recent years, the SGLT-2 inhibitor oral antidiabetic has been related to this entity. According to the new warnings from the main drug agencies, a compilation of cases has been initiated to establish or deny a possible causal relationship. Most of these cases have been reported in men. However, it is important not to underestimate this entity in the gynecological field, since it is extremely serious and requires intense and rapid aggressive treatment based on surgery and empiric antibiotherapy. Later, some cares are needed to involve surgical reconstruction of the defects introduced by debridement. As a result of the low incidence of FG, clinical trials’ data may be insufficient to robustly assess this issue because of the limited numbers of participants. Real-world evidence may help to clarify the association between SGLT2i and FG. 
  • 740
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Implantation Failure
Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is an undefined, quite often, clinical phenomenon that can result from the repeated failure of embryo transfers to obtain a viable pregnancy. Careful clinical evaluation prior to assisted reproduction can uncover various treatable causes, including endocrine dysfunction, fibroid(s), polyp(s), adhesions, uterine malformations. 
  • 735
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Physiological Cooperation between Aquaporin 5 and TRPV4
Aquaporins—among them, AQP5—are responsible for transporting water across biological membranes, which is an important process in all living organisms. The transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel that is mostly calcium-permeable and can also be activated by osmotic stimuli. It plays a role in a number of different functions in the body, e.g., the development of bones and cartilage, and it is involved in the body’s osmoregulation, the generation of certain types of sensation (pain), and apoptosis. Earlier studies on the uterus and the literature data aroused the interest in the physiological role of the cooperation of AQP5 and TRPV4. Understanding the cooperation between AQP5 and TRPV4 may contribute to the development of new drug candidates and the therapy of several disorders (e.g., preterm birth, cataract, ischemia/reperfusion-induced edema, exercise- or cold-induced asthma).
  • 735
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer and Treatment
The premalignancy of the uterine cervix is preventable and treatable if neoplasia is detected early. “Screen-and-treat” is a commonly adopted clinical management for precancerous lesions. In general, the standard curative options for precancers include large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), cryotherapy, and cold knife conization, while for locally advanced cervical cancer, hysterectomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy and immunotherapy are offered to the patients.
  • 731
  • 28 Jun 2022
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