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Topic Review
Membrane Remodeling by ESCRTs
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an evolutionarily conserved membrane remodeling complex that is used by the cell to perform reverse membrane scission in essential processes like protein degradation, cell division, and release of enveloped retroviruses. ESCRT-III, together with the AAA ATPase VPS4, harbors the main remodeling and scission function of the ESCRT machinery, whereas early-acting ESCRTs mainly contribute to protein sorting and ESCRT-III recruitment through association with upstream targeting factors.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Protein Translocation to Endosymbiotic Organelles
The problem with increasing the yield of recombinant proteins is resolvable using different approaches, including the transport of a target protein to cell compartments with a low protease activity. In the cell, protein targeting involves short-signal peptide sequences recognized by intracellular protein transport systems. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Club Nintendo
Club Nintendo is a discontinued customer loyalty program provided by Nintendo. The loyalty program was free to join and provided rewards in exchange for consumer feedback and loyalty to purchasing official Nintendo products. Members of Club Nintendo earned credits or "coins" by submitting codes found on Nintendo products and systems, which could be traded in for special edition items only available on Club Nintendo. Rewards included objects such as playing cards, tote bags, controllers, downloadable content, and warranty extensions on select Nintendo products. On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Club Nintendo would be discontinued in North America on June 30, 2015, and in Europe and Japan on September 30, 2015, due to an upcoming new loyalty program. Flipnote Studio 3D later became available to all North American Club Nintendo members for free for a limited time, and users who signed up to the European version of the new loyalty program during the launch period received Flipnote Studio 3D for free. On March 17, 2015, after suddenly announcing their business partnership venture with DeNA, Nintendo stated that they were working with them on a new, cross-platform membership service called My Nintendo to supersede Club Nintendo for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS , and Nintendo Switch, alongside other devices such as tablets, smartphones and PCs. It was initially launched in Japan on March 17, 2016, alongside Nintendo's first mobile title, Miitomo.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Brown Adipose Tissue Architecture and Thermogenic Function
The body of mammals harbors two distinct types of adipose tissue: While cells within the white adipose tissue (WAT) store surplus energy as lipids, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is nowadays recognized as the main tissue for transforming chemical energy into heat. This process, referred to as ‘non-shivering thermogenesis’, is facilitated by the uncoupling of the electron transport across mitochondrial membranes from ATP production. BAT-dependent thermogenesis acts as a safeguarding mechanism under reduced ambient temperature but also plays a critical role in metabolic and energy homeostasis in health and disease. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Options of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is among the most common infections worldwide, and it can lead to burdensome sequela for the patient and the healthcare system, without appropriate treatment. Due to constantly fluctuating resistance rates, regimens must be constantly assessed to ensure effectiveness. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
RNA Editing Detection Tools
RNA editing is the most frequent RNA modification in mammalian transcriptomes, and two types have been identified: (1) the most frequent, adenosine to inosine (A-to-I); and (2) the less frequent, cysteine to uracil (C-to-U) RNA editing. Unlike other epitranscriptomic marks, RNA editing can be readily detected from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data without any chemical conversions of RNA before sequencing library preparation. Furthermore, analyzing RNA editing patterns from transcriptomic data provides an additional layer of information about the epitranscriptome. As the significance of epitranscriptomics, particularly RNA editing, gains recognition in various fields of biology and medicine, there is a growing interest in detecting RNA editing sites (RES) by analyzing RNA-seq data. To cope with this increased interest, several bioinformatic tools are available.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Engineering of PVA/PVP Hydrogels for Agricultural Applications
Hydrogels have gained significant popularity in agricultural applications in terms of minimizing waste and mitigating the negative environmental impact of agrochemicals. The utilization of environmentally friendly, shapable hydrogels composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in various casings for crop protection are examined against different pests, fertilizing, and watering. To activate their effectiveness, PVA/PVP hydrogels were loaded with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environmentally friendly pesticides, namely hydrogen peroxide (HP), the essential oil thymol, and urea as a fertilizer, either separately or in combination. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Properties of Fibers
Fibers that are commonly used to reinforce the binding matrix in concrete are typically made of steel, basalt, carbon, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glass, and natural fibers.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Using Pyrolysis to Create Biochar
Pyrolysis is a combustion process of woody biomass conducted under low or no oxygen conditions. It converts any kind of biomass into biochar, bio-oil, or biogas. Hence plants’ woody material can also be converted into bioenergy products. Valorization of woody biomass in the form of energy-rich compound biochar is a more sustainable technique as compared to conventional burning which leads to toxicity to the environment. Innovations and the need to limit open burning have resulted in numerous mobile and fixed plant pyrolysis methods that burn a variety of woody residues. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Photo-Fermentative Bacteria Used for Hydrogen Production
Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use various substrates, such as simple sugars and volatile fatty acids, to produce hydrogen. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lithium Metal Anodes with Three-Dimensional Lithium Hosts
Li metal has emerged as a promising anode material for high energy density batteries, due to its low electrochemical potential and high specific capacity of 3860 mAh·g−1. These characteristics make it an attractive choice for electric vehicles and power grids.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Brief
Acetic acid-induced colitis is a well-established experimental model widely employed to study the pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, and underlying mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically ulcerative colitis (UC). This research comprehensively explores the utility of acetic acid-induced colitis as a research tool, covering its induction methods, histopathological features, immune responses, and applications in drug development.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Flownet
A flownet is a graphical representation of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow through aquifers. Construction of a flownet is often used for solving groundwater flow problems where the geometry makes analytical solutions impractical. The method is often used in civil engineering, hydrogeology or soil mechanics as a first check for problems of flow under hydraulic structures like dams or sheet pile walls. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines is called a flownet. The flownet is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems. Flow net technique is a graphical representation method.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Low Carbohydrate Diet
Low-carbohydrate diets are increasingly used to help patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We sought to provide an overview of the evidence for this treatment approach, considering the epidemiology and pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes in terms of carbohydrate excess. We describe the mechanistic basis for the clinical benefits associated with nutritional ketosis and identify areas of practice where the evidence base could be improved. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zika Virus and Infantile Microcephaly
Zika virus is a newly emerging disease with little previous information related to its clinical, epidemiological and socioeconomic effects. The complexityof prevention, treatment and care to infected women and neonates, makes Zika one of the major public health problems. We provide an overview of Zika virus infection and the risk of microcephaly in the context of perinatal public health.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lymphotropic viruses in Latin America
The RIAL-CYTED harbors a multidisciplinary Ibero-American network of clinical and basic researchers created to form a platform of multi-center cooperation focusing on increasing our knowledge of lymphoma, particularly for more underdeveloped or developing regions. This network aims to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of these neoplasms throughout LA by way of homogenizing its identification and classification. With that purpose, in this review, we sought to systematically organize and analyze the literature related to the lymphotropic and lymphomagenic viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV-1, in order to better understand their loco-regional distribution and the risk our population carries in terms of developing lymphoma.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Src Kinases as Therapeutic Targets
Src is the prototypal member of Src Family tyrosine Kinases (SFKs), a large non-receptor kinase class that controls multiple signaling pathways in animal cells. SFKs activation is necessary for the mitogenic signal from many growth factors, but also for the acquisition of migratory and invasive phenotype. Indeed, oncogenic activation of SFKs has been demonstrated to play an important role in solid cancers; promoting tumor growth and formation of distant metastases. Several drugs targeting SFKs have been developed and tested in preclinical models and many of them have successfully reached clinical use in hematologic cancers. Although in solid tumors SFKs inhibitors have consistently confirmed their ability in blocking cancer cell progression in several experimental models; their utilization in clinical trials has unveiled unexpected complications against an effective utilization in patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
EVs in Delivering Cytokines
Cytokines are small proteins with well characterised effects on cell survival, migration and activation in a range of biological systems and cell types. Currently, the best described activities of cytokine are those whose delivery has been observed in a free soluble or cell tethered form. Interestingly, cytokines may also be delivered, and exert biological functions, in association with extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are a heterogenous population of constitutively released cellular material typically characterised by their size. EVs may for example be released by the direct blebbing of the cell membrane and in doing so, may encapsulate cellular contents. Cargo laden EVs have been found to contain a wide array of cargo, either via encapsulation or associated to the surface of EVs, and includes nucleic acids, lipid mediators and proteins, such as cytokines. EV encapsulation provides cytokine cargo protection of degradation and allows the delivery of cytokines far from the site of inflammation and injury. However, it is becoming more apparent that during pathophysiological conditions, such as those observed during autoimmunity, EVs may represent a large reservoir of ‘stealth’ cytokine that might prove difficult to target with current therapies.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oocyte
The efficiency of producing embryos using in vitro technologies in cattle species remains lower when compared to other mammalian species such as mice, indicating that the proportion of female gametes that fail to develop after in vitro manipulation is considerably large. Considering that the intrinsic quality of the oocyte is one of the main factors affecting embryo production, the precise identification of noninvasive markers that predict oocyte competence is of major interest. 
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Morphology/Dynamics in Heart Failure
The mitochondria are mostly abundant in the heart, a beating organ of high- energy demands. Their function extends beyond being a power plant of the cell including redox balance, ion homeostasis and metabolism. They are dynamic organelles that are tethered to neighboring structures, especially the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, they constitute a functional unit implicated in complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. Their topology in the cell, the cardiac myocyte in particular, places them at the hub of signaling and calcium homeostasis, making them master regulators of cell survival or cell death. Perturbations in mitochondrial function play a central role in the pathophysiology of myocardial remodeling and progression of heart failure. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Dec 2020
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