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Topic Review
Nonthermal Decontamination of Raw and Processed Meat
Meat may contain natural, spoilage, and pathogenic microorganisms based on the origin and characteristics of its dietary matrix. Several decontamination substances are used during or after meat processing, which include chlorine, organic acids, inorganic phosphates, benzoates, propionates, bacteriocins, or oxidizers. Unfortunately, traditional decontamination methods are often problematic because of their adverse impact on the quality of the raw carcass or processed meat. The extended shelf-life of foods is a response to the pandemic trend, whereby consumers are more likely to choose durable products that can be stored for a longer period between visits to food stores. This includes changing purchasing habits from “just in time” products “for now” to “just in case” products, a trend that will not fade away with the end of the pandemic.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pain Management for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Up to 60% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients experience abdominal pain in their lifetime regardless of disease activity. Pain negatively affects different areas of daily life and particularly impacts the quality of life of IBD patients. Despite the optimal management of intestinal inflammation, chronic abdominal pain can persist, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are necessary. Integrating psychological support in care models in IBD could decrease disease burden and health care costs. Consequently, a multidisciplinary approach similar to that used for other chronic pain conditions should be recommended. 
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Foreshadow (Security Vulnerability)
Foreshadow (known as L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF) by Intel) is a vulnerability that affects modern microprocessors that was first discovered by two independent teams of researchers in January 2018, but was first disclosed to the public on 14 August 2018. The vulnerability is a speculative execution attack on Intel processors that may result in the disclosure of sensitive information stored in personal computers and third-party clouds. There are two versions: the first version (original/Foreshadow) (CVE-2018-3615) targets data from SGX enclaves; and the second version (next-generation/Foreshadow-NG) (CVE-2018-3620 and CVE-2018-3646) targets virtual machines (VMs), hypervisors (VMM), operating systems (OS) kernel memory, and System Management Mode (SMM) memory. A listing of affected Intel hardware has been posted. Foreshadow is similar to the Spectre security vulnerabilities discovered earlier to affect Intel and AMD chips, and the Meltdown vulnerability that also affected Intel. However, AMD products, according to AMD, are not affected by the Foreshadow security flaws. According to one expert, " lets malicious software break into secure areas that even the Spectre and Meltdown flaws couldn't crack". Nonetheless, one of the variants of Foreshadow goes beyond Intel chips with SGX technology, and affects "all [Intel] Core processors built over the last seven years". Foreshadow may be very difficult to exploit, and there seems to be no evidence to date (15 August 2018) of any serious hacking involving the Foreshadow vulnerabilities. Nevertheless, applying software patches may help alleviate some concern, although the balance between security and performance may be a worthy consideration. Companies performing cloud computing may see a significant decrease in their overall computing power; individuals, however, may not likely see any performance impact, according to researchers. The real fix, according to Intel, is by replacing today's processors. Intel further states, "These changes begin with our next-generation Intel Xeon Scalable processors (code-named Cascade Lake), as well as new client processors expected to launch later this year ." On 16 August 2018, researchers presented technical details of the Foreshadow security vulnerabilities in a seminar, and publication, entitled "Foreshadow: Extracting the Keys to the Intel SGX Kingdom with Transient Out-of-Order Execution" at a USENIX security conference.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
MRCPsych
MRCPsych (Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists) is a postnominal qualification awarded to physicians who have completed the prescribed training requirements and membership examinations mandated by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Candidates must be registered with the GMC or a recognized medical board in their own country and should have undergone three years of training. Although initially a two-part exam, the examination has undergone a radical change in the past few years, notably in terms of focus and structure. Although originally a two-part exam, the current examination is 3 parts, consisting of 2 written papers (Paper A and Paper B) and a clinical exam (CASC). Paper A focuses on Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Psychology and theory, while Paper B focuses on Current Clinical Practice & Evidence within General Adult and the various subspecialties of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, Statistics, Critical Appraisal and Psychotherapy The Royal college of psychiatrists has announced the change of format of the CASC exam changes for the exam in January 2018. The 4 linked stations in the morning session will now become 8 single stations with 4 minute to read and 7 minutes to complete the task. 6 of these will be patient management focus and the other 2 history taking. The other 8 single stations remain the same format 90 s to read and 7 minutes for the exam.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
High-Performance and Parallel Computing Techniques
The transition towards net-zero emissions is inevitable for humanity’s future. Of all the sectors, electrical energy systems emit the most emissions. This urgently requires the witnessed accelerating technological landscape to transition towards an emission-free smart grid. It involves massive integration of intermittent wind and solar-powered resources into future power grids. Additionally, new paradigms such as large-scale integration of distributed resources into the grid, proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and electrification of different sectors are envisioned as essential enablers for a net-zero future. However, these changes will lead to unprecedented size, complexity and data of the planning and operation problems of future grids. It is thus important to discuss and consider High Performance Computing (HPC), parallel computing, and cloud computing prospects in any future electrical energy studies. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alternative System for Secondary Metabolite Production
Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds widely used as medicaments, food additives, perfumes, and agrochemicals. These secondary compounds are produced under stress conditions to carry out physiological tasks in plants. Secondary metabolites have a complex chemical structure with pharmacological properties. The widespread use of these metabolites in a lot of industrial sectors has raised the need to increase the production of secondary metabolites. Biotechnological methods of cell culture allow the conservation of plants, as well as the improvement of metabolite biosynthesis and the possibility to modify the synthesis pathways.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Soybean Cold Tolerance
Cold stress is a major factor influencing the geographical distribution of soybean growth and causes immense losses in productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that the soybean has undergone to survive cold temperatures will have immense value in improving soybean cold tolerance. Cold-tolerant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were found to be overlapped with the genomic region of maturity loci of E1, E3, E4, pubescence color locus of T, stem growth habit gene locus of Dt1, and leaf shape locus of Ln, indicating that pleiotropic loci may control multiple traits, including cold tolerance. The C-repeat responsive element binding factors (CBFs) are evolutionarily conserved across species. The expression of most GmDREB1s was upregulated by cold stress and overexpression of GmDREB1B;1 in soybean protoplast, and transgenic Arabidopsis plants can increase the expression of genes with the DRE core motif in their promoter regions under cold stress. Other soybean cold-responsive regulators, such as GmMYBJ1, GmNEK1, GmZF1, GmbZIP, GmTCF1a, SCOF-1 and so on, enhance cold tolerance by regulating the expression of COR genes in transgenic Arabidopsis. CBF-dependent and CBF-independent pathways are cross-talking and work together to activate cold stress gene expression. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Defect Detection in Clothing
Blind people often encounter challenges in managing their clothing, specifically in identifying defects such as stains or holes. With the progress of the computer vision field, it is crucial to minimize these limitations as much as possible to assist blind people with selecting appropriate clothing. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Knowledge Sharing System (KSS) Design
Numerous ICT instruments, such as communication tools, social media platforms, and collaborative software, bolster and facilitate knowledge sharing activities. Determining the vital success factors for knowledge sharing within its unique context is argued to be essential before implementing it. Therefore, it is imperative to define domain-specific critical success factors when envisioning the design of a knowledge sharing system. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Service Design of Garbage Classification Driven by AI
Compared with other countries, there are big differences in the treatment modes and actual results of garbage classification due to different economic strengths, resource demands, technical levels, and legal policies.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
COVID-19 is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. As a central player in the immune and inflammatory responses, modulating NF-κB activation could offer a strategic avenue for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sun Bear
The Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), also known as the "honey bear," is the smallest bear species and inhabits the dense tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Recognizable by its sleek black fur, distinctive crescent-shaped chest patch, and short muzzle, the Sun bear possesses a unique adaptation: an elongated tongue ideal for extracting honey and insects from tree cavities. Despite its diminutive size, this arboreal omnivore plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems, dispersing seeds and regulating insect populations, while facing threats from habitat loss and poaching for traditional medicine and the pet trade.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
New Business Models in the Energy Sector
The relevance of the problem of improving business models in the energy industry has become especially acute in recent years due to the energy transition, the emergence of new energy production and consumption technologies, and the increase in environmental requirements for energy companies’ performance.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Achalasia
Achalasia is an esophageal motor disease characterized by the lack of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and aperistalsis. The first time this condition was described was in 1672 by Sir Thomas Willis, but the "achalasia" term was only created in 1929 by Hurst and Rake, meaning "no relaxation".
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin Application in Assisted Reproductive Techniques
Infertility is an increasing global public health issue that affects up to 16% of couples of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Half of infertility cases are due to female factors, which are generally attributed to hormonal, functional or anatomical dysfunction of the organs of the reproductive tract. Moreover, the age of the female is of great importance because of its physiological and genetic influence on conception, which includes a reduced ovarian follicular pool, perturbations in ovulation and increased meiotic errors within the oocyte. As for male factors, these are responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases. The most important factors are hormonal deficits, physical causes, sexually transmitted problems, and genetic factors. Nevertheless, the origin of about 40% of male infertility is unknown. Many studies have investigated the potential use of melatonin in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) to improve success rates. These techniques include oocyte manipulation, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo culture and transfer.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Silicate-Based Materials - Antimicrobial
Endodontic materials have significantly improved dental treatment techniques in several aspects as they can be used for vital pulp treatments, as temporary root canal medication, in definitive fillings, in apical surgeries, and for regenerative procedures. Calcium silicate-based cement is a class of dental material that is used in Endodontics in direct contact with the dental structures, connective tissue, and bone. Because the material interacts with biological tissues and stimulates biomineralization processes, its properties are of major importance. The main challenge in endodontic treatments is the elimination of biofilms that are present in the root canal system anatomical complexities, as it remains even after chemical-mechanical preparation and disinfection procedures. Thus, an additional challenge for these biomaterials is to exert antimicrobial activity while maintaining their biological properties in parallel.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Design 1095 Ship
The Design 1095 ship was an Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) design for a troop transport to be built at New York Shipbuilding Corporation and delivered to the United States Shipping Board (USSB) that, at the end of World War I hostilities, was modified to a combined passenger and cargo vessel. The contract was for thirteen ships, EFC hulls 2579 though 2591, but later adjusted to seven ships with the remainder being changed during construction to the slightly larger ships of EFC Design 1029 built from the start as passenger and cargo ships rather than being modified from the troop ship plan. After initial service as USSB owned ships operated by agents, United States Lines in Atlantic service between New York and Europe with five ships and two ships with Swayne and Hoyt with the Pacific-Argentine-Brazil Line, the ships were sold in 1923 to Robert Dollar Company which initiated the Dollar and successor American President Lines' tradition of naming ships after presidents. The ships inaugurated Dollar's "Round-the-World" service which was continued by American President Lines with additional ships. During World War II the seven ships were used as troop transports, three being converted to hospital ships (2 Army and 1 Navy) and three were lost. The three ships built as Old North State, Panhandle State and Blue Hen State became hospital ships and survived the war. Creole State served as a transport and began conversion to a hospital ship in the closing days of the war but the conversion stopped with peace upon which she was reconverted to become an Army transport for dependent repatriation. Two, President Taylor, built as Granite State and President Grant, built as Centennial State, became total losses after groundings. The ship built as Wolverine State and President Harrison at the time, was on a second voyage to evacuate Marines and civilians from China sailing after 7 December 1941, was grounded in an attempt to deny use by the Japanese, but salvaged and named Kachidoki Maru. While transporting British prisoners of war Kachidoki Maru was torpedoed and sunk by USS Pampanito on 12 September 1944.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Scribble Polarity Module in Neuroblasts
The Scribble polarity module is composed by Scribble (Scrib), Discs large 1 (Dlg1) and Lethal (2) giant larvae (L(2)gl), a group of highly conserved neoplastic tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) from flies to humans. Even though the Scribble module has been profusely studied in epithelial cell polarity, the number of tissues and processes in which it is involved is increasingly growing. Here we discuss the role of the Scribble module in the asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs), as well as the underlying mechanisms by which those TSGs act in this process. Finally, we also describe what we know about the consequences of mutating these genes in impairing the process of asymmetric NB division and promoting tumor-like overgrowth.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a complex and not entirely understood retinal disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Molecules from Plant Waste
The fruit, vegetable, legume, and cereal industries generate many wastes, representing an environmental pollution problem. However, these wastes are a rich source of antioxidant molecules such as terpenes, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and bioactive peptides with potential applications mainly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and they exhibit multiple biological properties including antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. The aforementioned has increased studies on the recovery of antioxidant compounds using green technologies to value plant waste, since they represent more efficient and sustainable processes. In this review, the main antioxidant molecules from plants are briefly described and the advantages and disadvantages of the use of conventional and green extraction technologies used for the recovery and optimization of the yield of antioxidant naturals are detailed; finally, recent studies on biological properties of antioxidant molecules extracted from plant waste are presented here.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Mar 2021
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