Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
En Qi Toh
 -- 1162 2024-01-08 10:50:01 |
2 format
Jason Zhu
 Meta information modification 1162 2024-01-15 04:16:05 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Koo, J.G.A.; Tham, H.Y.; Toh, E.Q.; Chia, C.; Thien, A.; Shelat, V.G. Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53544 (accessed on 18 November 2024).
Koo JGA, Tham HY, Toh EQ, Chia C, Thien A, Shelat VG. Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53544. Accessed November 18, 2024.
Koo, Jonathan G. A., Hui Yu Tham, En Qi Toh, Christopher Chia, Amy Thien, Vishal G. Shelat. "Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53544 (accessed November 18, 2024).
Koo, J.G.A., Tham, H.Y., Toh, E.Q., Chia, C., Thien, A., & Shelat, V.G. (2024, January 08). Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53544
Koo, Jonathan G. A., et al. "Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 January, 2024.
Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/medicina60010012

Mirizzi syndrome is a complication of gallstone disease caused by an impacted gallstone in the infundibulum of the gallbladder or within the cystic duct, causing chronic inflammation and extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct or common bile duct. Eventually, mucosal ulceration occurs and progresses to cholecystobiliary fistulation. Numerous systems exist to classify Mirizzi syndrome, with the Csendes classification widely adopted. It describes five types of Mirizzi syndrome according to the presence of a cholecystobiliary fistula and its corresponding severity, and whether a cholecystoenteric fistula is present. 

Mirizzi syndrome cholelithiasis choledocholithiasis cholecystectomy

1. Introduction

Obtaining a diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome is crucial in a preoperative setting as it has a major impact on management, morbidity, and mortality [1][2][3][4]. The incidence of bile duct injuries in patients operated on with undiagnosed Mirizzi syndrome can be as high as 17% [2]. However, obtaining a preoperative diagnosis can be difficult and it can be made in only 8% to 62.5% of patients [5][6][7]. This statistic was shown to increase to 85.9% [8] when both magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were used in combination. A combination of both MRCP and computed tomography (CT) yielded a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 93.5%, and diagnostic accuracy of 94% [9]. Hence, most surgeons prefer to use at least two diagnostic modalities in combination [8][10]. However, this practice has not been validated by evidence [11]. Figure 1 presents a case vignette with the aid of MRCP and ERCP images, illustrating the difficulty in differentiating Mirizzi syndrome from other pathologies such as biliary malignancy.
Medicina 60 00012 g001
Figure 1. A 72-year-old male was admitted with a clinical presentation suggestive of acute cholangitis. (a) Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates a hilar stricture (labelled) with suspicion of cholangiocarcinoma. In view of concomitant cholecystitis and the need to evaluate for suspected malignancy, percutaneous gallbladder drainage was performed. (b) A percutaneous cholecystostomy tube is visible, and an endoscopic cholangiogram shows a smooth biliary stricture with brushings that do not show malignant cells. The patient was managed with open cholecystectomy, choledochectomy, and hepaticojejunostomy. The final histology was a benign biliary structure with cholecystitis.

2. Ultrasonography

Findings on an ultrasound examination of the hepato-biliary system may include an atrophic gallbladder with thick or extremely thick walls, with one large or multiple small impacted gallstones in the infundibulum or cystic duct [12]. Other findings include a dilated intrahepatic biliary tree and CHD above the level of obstruction, with a CBD of normal diameter [2][8][12][13][14]. The sensitivity of ultrasound examination ranges from 8 to 57% [1][2][15][16][17][18], with a reported diagnostic accuracy of 29% [5]. Regional inflammation and bowel gas may further limit the sensitivity of the study. Despite the low diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, it is often used as a cost-effective preliminary routine investigation, as Mirizzi syndrome is not always suspected even in patients with jaundice [8][10].

3. Computed Tomography (CT)

CT scans are useful to rule out hepatic or biliary malignancies in the porta hepatis, or other aetiologies of biliary obstruction [2][8][15][19]. It is a suitable modality for evaluating extraluminal causes of biliary compression. However, there are no specific CT findings for Mirizzi syndrome. CT is reported to have a 31–50% sensitivity [1][16][17][20]. A limitation of CT is that it often does not demonstrate biliary calculi [21]. The presence of periductal inflammation can be misinterpreted as carcinoma of the gallbladder [13]. Though CT scans are not optimal to detect stones, they adequately visualise inflammatory fat stranding, ductal dilatation, and gallbladder wall thickening. In addition, the scan provides an idea of the dimensions of the gallbladder with some perspective on the chronicity, fibrosis, and shrunken-ness of the gallbladdery. Aerobilia, if evident, without previous biliary instrumentation suggests cholecystobiliary or cholecystoenteric fistulation.

4. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

MRCP is the preferred imaging modality to assess biliary anatomy and the presence of biliary calculi. Although the reported diagnostic accuracy of MRCP is 50% [5], it has a sensitivity of 77.8–100% in the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome [2][14][17][22][23]. It is regarded as the preferred non-invasive imaging modality for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome [16]. MRCP findings in Mirizzi syndrome include dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, narrowing of the CHD, and gallstone(s) in the cystic duct [21]. MRCP can also rule out other causes of bile duct obstruction, such as choledocholithiasis, or be used to assess inflammation around the gallbladder [15]. Though MRCP is a non-invasive modality, ERCP has increased accuracy to diagnose a cholecystobiliary fistula [24]. MRCP images from patients with Mirizzi syndrome are shown in Figure 2 for illustration.
Medicina 60 00012 g002
Figure 2. Examples of MRCP findings in Mirizzi syndrome. (a) The first MRCP shows a filling defect (labelled) caudal to the confluence of the hepatic ducts with upstream biliary dilatation. The patient was a 67-year-old female with a background of Mirizzi syndrome treated with laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy at another hospital 10 months prior. She was subsequently diagnosed with a retained 19 mm cystic duct stone with a fistula in the CHD (Csendes Type III Mirizzi syndrome) and underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration with primary repair. (b) The second image illustrates an abrupt cut-off at the level of the CHD with a filling defect (labelled). This was taken from a 70-year-old man whose initial presentation of Mirizzi syndrome was that of acute pyogenic cholangitis. He subsequently underwent ERCP with biliary stenting, followed by laparoscopic CBD exploration, biliary stent removal, and primary closure of the CBD 8 weeks later.

5. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Despite its invasive nature, ERCP is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome. ERCP has a sensitivity of 50–100% [5][17][23][25], with a diagnostic accuracy of 55–90% [5][7]. ERCP provides superior visualisation of the extrahepatic bile ducts, and can identify extrinsic biliary compression and the presence of a cholecystobiliary or cholecystoenteric fistula [10][19]. Figure 3 illustrates examples of images taken using ERCP. Biliary stenting or stone retrieval can also be offered to relieve obstruction, giving ERCP the advantage of being both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure [24]. An example of biliary and pancreatic stenting during ERCP is shown in Figure 3c. The use of endoscopic ultrasound prior to ERCP to further evaluate the bile ducts and pancreas was demonstrated in a patient with Mirizzi type I by Rayapudi et al. [26], while some studies have used intraductal ultrasonography during ERCP to delineate defects in the ductal mucosa to localise cholecystobiliary fistulas and to differentiate causes of biliary strictures [27][28].
Medicina 60 00012 g003
Figure 3. Examples of ERCP findings in Mirizzi syndrome. (a) There is a filling defect (labelled) seen in the CBD. (b) There is a filling defect (labelled) in the CHD. (c) Biliary and pancreatic stenting during ERCP.
The main disadvantage of ERCP is the risk of major complications. These include pancreatitis (3.5%), haemorrhage (1.3%), cholangitis (1%), perforation (0.1–0.6%), and the associated cardiopulmonary complications of sedation [29]. ERCP is best reserved as a therapeutic modality to clear biliary stone disease burden, decompress the biliary system in the presence of sepsis, and obtain biliary brushings or cytology in patients who have strictures which are suspected to be malignant.

6. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)

PTC may be performed as a diagnostic investigation, usually in cases where ERCP failed [10]. Percutaneous biliary drainage can be performed in the same setting. PTC can also be used in cases with previous bilioenteric anastomosis or intrahepatic dilation with a high obstruction [30]. However, PTC is rarely used as a diagnostic tool.

References

  1. Valderrama-Treviño, A.I.; Granados-Romero, J.J.; Espejel-Deloiza, M.; Chernitzky-Camaño, J.; Barrera Mera, B.; Estrada-Mata, A.G.; Ceballos-Villalva, J.C.; Acuña Campos, J.; Argüero-Sánchez, R. Updates in Mirizzi Syndrome. HepatoBiliary Surg. Nutr. 2017, 6, 170–178.
  2. Lai, E.C.H.; Lau, W.Y. Mirizzi syndrome: History, present and future development. ANZ J. Surg. 2006, 76, 251–257.
  3. Shirah, B.H.; Shirah, H.A.; Albeladi, K.B. Mirizzi Syndrome: Necessity for Safe Approach in Dealing with Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges. Ann. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg. 2017, 21, 122.
  4. Koike, D.; Suka, Y.; Nagai, M.; Nomura, Y.; Tanaka, N. Laparoscopic Management of Mirizzi Syndrome Without Dissection of Calot’s Triangle. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. 2017, 27, 141–145.
  5. Safioleas, M.; Stamatakos, M.; Safioleas, P.; Smyrnis, A.; Revenas, C.; Safioleas, C. Mirizzi Syndrome: An Unexpected Problem of Cholelithiasis. Our Experience with 27 Cases. Int. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 2008, 5, 12.
  6. Yip, A.W.; Chow, W.C.; Chan, J.; Lam, K.H. Mirizzi Syndrome with Cholecystocholedochal Fistula: Preoperative Diagnosis and Management. Surgery 1992, 111, 335–338.
  7. Yonetci, N.; Kutluana, U.; Yilmaz, M.; Sungurtekin, U.; Tekin, K. The Incidence of Mirizzi Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. HBPD INT 2008, 7, 520–524.
  8. Cui, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhao, E.; Zhang, H.; Cui, N. Appraisal of Diagnosis and Surgical Approach for Mirizzi Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment for Mirizzi Syndrome. ANZ J. Surg. 2012, 82, 708–713.
  9. Yun, E.J.; Choi, C.S.; Yoon, D.Y.; Seo, Y.L.; Chang, S.K.; Kim, J.S.; Woo, J.Y. Combination of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography and Computed Tomography for Preoperative Diagnosis of the Mirizzi Syndrome. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2009, 33, 636–640.
  10. Chen, H.; Siwo, E.A.; Khu, M.; Tian, Y. Current Trends in the Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Review of Literature. Medicine 2018, 97, e9691.
  11. Piccinni, G.; Sciusco, A.; De Luca, G.M.; Gurrado, A.; Pasculli, A.; Testini, M. Minimally Invasive Treatment of Mirizzi’s Syndrome: Is There a Safe Way? Report of a Case Series. Ann. Hepatol. 2014, 13, 558–564.
  12. Toscano, R.L.; Taylor, P.H.; Peters, J.; Edgin, R. Mirizzi Syndrome. Am. Surg. 1994, 60, 889–891.
  13. Abou-Saif, A.; Al-Kawas, F.H. Complications of Gallstone Disease: Mirizzi Syndrome, Cholecystocholedochal Fistula, and Gallstone Ileus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97, 249–254.
  14. Gomez, D.; Rahman, S.H.; Toogood, G.J.; Prasad, K.R.; Lodge, J.P.A.; Guillou, P.J.; Menon, K.V. Mirizzi’s Syndrome—Results from a Large Western Experience. HPB 2006, 8, 474–479.
  15. Beltrán, M.A. Mirizzi Syndrome: History, Current Knowledge and Proposal of a Simplified Classification. World J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 18, 4639.
  16. Kulkarni, S.S.; Hotta, M.; Sher, L.; Selby, R.R.; Parekh, D.; Buxbaum, J.; Stapfer, M. Complicated Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Mirizzi Syndrome. Surg. Endosc. 2017, 31, 2215–2222.
  17. Yeh, C.-N.; Jan, Y.-Y.; Chen, M.-F. Laparoscopic Treatment for Mirizzi Syndrome. Surg. Endosc. 2003, 17, 1573–1578.
  18. Kumar, A.; Senthil, G.; Prakash, A.; Behari, A.; Singh, R.K.; Kapoor, V.K.; Saxena, R. Mirizzi’s Syndrome: Lessons Learnt from 169 Patients at a Single Center. Korean J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg. 2016, 20, 17.
  19. Alemi, F.; Seiser, N.; Ayloo, S. Gallstone Disease. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2019, 99, 231–244.
  20. England, R.E.; Martin, D.F. Endoscopic Management of Mirizzi’s Syndrome. Gut 1997, 40, 272–276.
  21. Kim, P.N.; Outwater, E.K.; Mitchell, D.G. Mirizzi Syndrome: Evaluation by Mr Imaging. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94, 2546–2550.
  22. Chan, C.Y.; Liau, K.H.; Ho, C.K.; Chew, S.P. Mirizzi Syndrome: A Diagnostic and Operative Challenge. Surgeon 2003, 1, 273–278.
  23. Xu, X.; Hong, T.; Li, B.; Liu, W.; He, X.; Zheng, C. Mirizzi Syndrome: Our Experience with 27 Cases in PUMC Hospital. Chin. Med. Sci. J. 2013, 28, 172–177.
  24. Tan, K.; Chng, H.; Chen, C.Y.; Tan, S.; Poh, B.; Hoe, M.N. Mirizzi Syndrome: Noteworthy Aspects of a Retrospective Study in One Centre. ANZ J. Surg. 2004, 74, 833–837.
  25. Antoniou, S.A.; Antoniou, G.A.; Makridis, C. Laparoscopic Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Surg. Endosc. 2010, 24, 33–39.
  26. Rayapudi, K.; Gholami, P.; Olyaee, M. Mirizzi Syndrome with Endoscopic Ultrasound Image. Case Rep. Gastroenterol. 2013, 7, 202–207.
  27. Moon, J.H.; Cho, Y.D.; Cheon, Y.K.; Ryu, C.B.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, J.O.; Cho, J.Y.; Kim, Y.S.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, M.S.; et al. Wire-Guided Intraductal US in the Assessment of Bile Duct Strictures with Mirizzi Syndrome-like Features at ERCP. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2002, 56, 873–879.
  28. Wehrmann, T.; Riphaus, A.; Martchenko, K.; Kokabpick, S.; Pauka, H.; Stergiou, N.; Frenz, M. Intraductal Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome. Endoscopy 2006, 38, 717–722.
  29. Anderson, M.A.; Fisher, L.; Jain, R.; Evans, J.A.; Appalaneni, V.; Ben-Menachem, T.; Cash, B.D.; Decker, G.A.; Early, D.S.; Fanelli, R.D.; et al. Complications of ERCP. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2012, 75, 467–473.
  30. Rohatgi, A.; Singh, K.K. Mirizzi Syndrome: Laparoscopic Management by Subtotal Cholecystectomy. Surg. Endosc. 2006, 20, 1477–1481.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jonathan G. A. Koo
,
Hui Yu Tham
,
En Qi Toh
,
Christopher Chia
,
Amy Thien
,
Vishal G. Shelat
View Times: 271
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 15 Jan 2024
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback