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The screening of rare plants from the Yucatan region and the known native plants in Mexico, that have been successfully introduced worldwide, has been conducted. The preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge in Mayan culture, especially concerning pharmacologically significant plants, can be inferred from the recognition of useful plant species used in previous centuries. Focusing on the antioxidant properties of underutilized and rare plants is especially relevant in the context of Mayan-origin biodiversity. These plants are fundamental to the Mayan diet and traditional medicine and represent an invaluable genetic resource that could be at risk due to climate change and biodiversity loss. Moreover, identifying the specific secondary metabolites associated with the antioxidant potential of these plants could offer new avenues for drug and therapy development.
Plant Species | Family | Plant Part | Terpenes Terpenoids |
Phenolic Acids | Alkaloids | Flavonoids Flavones |
Coumarins | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achras sapota (Sapodilla) |
Sapidaceae | stem, leaves, fruit | present (not specified) | present (not specified) | present (not specified) | dihydromyricetin, quercitrin, myricitrin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin |
present (not specified) | [14][15][16][17] |
Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal (Sancoya) | Annonaceae | leaves, pulp, seeds | β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol |
present (not specified) | Norpurpureine 7-formyl-dehydrothalicsimidine 8-7-hydroxy-dehydrothalicsimidine N-methyllaurotetanine N-methylasimilobine Lirinidine Thalicsimidine Purpureine 3-hydroxyglaucine Annomontine Annopurpuricins A-D |
present (not specified) | present (not specified) | [18][19][20] |
Astronium graveolens (Gateado) | Anacardiaceae | leaves | lupeol | 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-sinapoylquinic, 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-D-glucopyranose | quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside | - | [21] | |
Brosimum alicastrum swartz (Ramon) | Moraceae | leaves, seeds, bark |
- | Gallic, chloro genic, vanillic, sinapic, ferulic, t-cinnamic, coumaric, caffeic acid, p-hydroxibenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic acids | - | Quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, catechin gallate, syringetin, Kaempferol−O−dihexoside, Isoquercetin | Xanthyletin, luvangetin, 8-hydroxyxanthyletin | [22][23][24] |
Byrsonima bucidaefolia (Sak Pah) |
Malpighiaceae | leaves | - | Methyl gallate, methyl-m-trigallate | - | - | - | [25] |
Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper) |
Solanaceae | fruit | capsidiol | cinnamic acid | capsaicinoids | quercetin, luteolin, caffeoyl, cinnamoyl glycosides, apigenin |
coumaric acid coumaroyl |
[26][27][28] |
Cnidosfolus aconitifolius IM. Jonst (Chaya) |
leaves | α y β amyrin, borneol, hederaginin, oleanolic acid, squalene, lupeol acetate | ellagic, ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, protocacheuic, vainillic, chlorogenic, caftaric, p-hidroxibenzoico, coutaric, syringic, synaptic acids | choline, trigonelline, nicotinic acid, palmatine, sitsirikine, Dihydrositsirikine, vinblastine, vindoline, catharanthine, vinleurosine | kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, catechin, hesperidin, narigenin, kaempferol, procuanidin B1, catechin, procyanidin B2, rutin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glycoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, trans-resveratrol | - | [29][30][31][32] | |
Cordia dodecandra DC. (Circote) | Sapidaceae | fruit | - | caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeoyl hexoside | - | Rutin, Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, lutein | - | [33][34][35] |
Diospyros digyna Jacq. (Black sapote) | Ebenaceae | fruit, pulp, peel, seeds |
- | Cinnamic, p-hydroxybenzoic, Caffeic, Sinapic, Ferulic, O-Coumaric, Protocatechuic, Chlorogenic, Isochlorogenic |
- | Catechin Epicatechin Myricetin Gallocatechol Epigallocatechin, rutin, Myricetrin, Isohermetin, Kaempherol-4′-glucoside, Quercetin, Dihydromyricetin, Cynaroside |
- | [36][37] |
Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) |
Asteraceae | whole plant | α-phellandrene, camphene, limonene | present (not specified) | pyrrolizidine alkaloids tussilagine and isotussilagine | quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | Coumaric acid | [38][39][40][41][42] |
Helianthus annuus (Common sunflower) |
Asteraceae | seeds | α-copaene, bornyl acetate, β-elemene, β-selinene, germacrene-D | present (not specified) | present (not specified) | kaempferol, apigenin, dihydroflavonol, daidzein, biochanin A, formononetin, luteolin, quercetin | p-coumaroyl | [43][44][45] |
Parmentiera aculeata (H.B. & K.) Seeman (Cucumber kat) |
Bignoniaceae | fruit | Lactucin-8-O-methylacrylate | present (not specified) | present (not specified) | - | present (not specified) | [46][47] |
Pouteria campechiana (H.B. & K) Baehni (Canisté) |
Sapidaceae | fruit, leaves, seeds, bark | Corsolic acid, euscaphic acid, fatty acid ester of betulinic acid, fatty acid ester of oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, ursolic acid, lucumic acid A, lucimic acid B, 4(R),23-epoxy-2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-24-norurs-12-en- 28-oic acid, 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-13α,27-cyclours-11-en-28- oic acid, 2α, 3α, 19α, 23 tetrahydroxyursolic acid, 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxy-24-norursa-4(23),12-dien-28-O-ic acid, 3β, 28- dihydroxy-olean-12-enyl fatty acid ester |
Caffeic, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, p-coumaric acid | - | Apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, kaempferol, luteolon, myricetin, myricitin, myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-β-galactoside, quercetin, rutin, myricetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-arabinopyranoside, taxifolin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, taxifolin 3-O-α, rhamnopyranoside | - | [48] |
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth (Dziuche) |
Leguminosae | seeds | (−)-19β-D-glucopyranosyl-6,7-dihydroxykaurenoate | Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, |
- | apigenin, catechin, daidzein, kaemferol, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, naringin and rutin |
- | [49][50] |
Spondias purpurea L. | Anacardiaceae | leaves | spathulenol, linolenic acid, t-caryophyllene, α-muurolene | caffeic acid | - | epigallocatechin | - | [51][52] |