In the field of plant biology, understanding the role of plant biodiversity in shaping the diverse composition of secondary metabolites across various plant species worldwide holds significant importance. Climate change poses a threat to some Mayan plant species, especially those with limited distribution areas, making them particularly vulnerable [2].

The preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge in Mayan culture, especially concerning pharmacologically significant plants, can be inferred from the recognition of useful plant species used in previous centuries. The existing data on the plants used as medicines indicate that various plants in traditional Mayan medicine may impact the neuroprotective pathways of the central nervous system, as well as the serotonin and acetylcholine levels [3]. Rodríguez-García et al. [4] studied the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, and antihypertensive potential of water extracts from plants originating from the Yucatan coast.

However, the last literature review on rare or underutilized plants in the Mayan region did not provide detailed characteristics or information on the specific secondary metabolites that may be associated with the significant antioxidant potential of these plants. In contrast, there is extensive scientific knowledge available for pre-Columbian domesticated plants such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Mexico, which has been well studied not only for its use as food, but also for its medicinal properties. While primarily grown for its seeds, which are a nutritious snack, sunflower extracts and oils are used in cosmetics and skincare products. Sunflower oil is rich in vitamin E and essential fatty acids, making it beneficial for skin and hair health [5]. Similarly, Echinacea purpurea L. is originally from North America, including parts of Mexico. It is now widespread worldwide, especially in Europe, and is renowned for its high antioxidant potential. Echinacea is widely used for its potential immune-boosting properties. It is believed to help reduce the severity and duration of common colds and upper respiratory infections [6]. Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an integral part of Mexican cuisine and culture, used in dishes like salsa and mole. They have also influenced cuisines worldwide and are celebrated for their fiery flavor. Chili peppers are rich in capsaicin, a compound known for its medicinal properties [7]. Additionally, chili peppers are a good source of vitamins and antioxidants, contributing to their potential to boost metabolism and provide cardiovascular benefits. Cassava and sweet potato were among the most important plants in the Mayan region, along with mushrooms, peppers, and various herbs, all playing significant roles in human diets. Some trees were also utilized for construction purposes and herbal medicine. In the past year, there has been a screening of the antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of underutilized Mexican plants; however, a limited description of the antioxidant compositions of these plant extracts was provided [8,9]. Interest in the antioxidant properties of plants has gained significant momentum in scientific research, owing to the growing awareness of the harmful effects of the free radicals and oxidative stress on human health. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to inflammation, thereby underpinning the development of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders [8,9].

Focusing on the antioxidant properties of underutilized and rare plants is especially relevant in the context of Mayan-origin biodiversity. These plants are fundamental to the Mayan diet and traditional medicine and represent an invaluable genetic resource that could be at risk due to climate change and biodiversity loss. Moreover, identifying the specific secondary metabolites associated with the antioxidant potential of these plants could offer new avenues for drug and therapy development. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach could reveal unexplored therapeutic applications and provide conservation strategies for these endangered species.