Plants with Antioxidant Potential from Mayan Region: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Alfred Zheng and Version 1 by Jonatan Jafet Uuh-Narvaez.

The screening of rare plants from the Yucatan region and the known native plants in Mexico, that have been successfully introduced worldwide, has been conducted. The preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge in Mayan culture, especially concerning pharmacologically significant plants, can be inferred from the recognition of useful plant species used in previous centuries. Focusing on the antioxidant properties of underutilized and rare plants is especially relevant in the context of Mayan-origin biodiversity. These plants are fundamental to the Mayan diet and traditional medicine and represent an invaluable genetic resource that could be at risk due to climate change and biodiversity loss. Moreover, identifying the specific secondary metabolites associated with the antioxidant potential of these plants could offer new avenues for drug and therapy development. 

  • antioxidant propertie
  • Mayan
  • plants

1. Introduction

In the field of plant biology, understanding the role of plant biodiversity in shaping the diverse composition of secondary metabolites across various plant species worldwide holds significant importance. Climate change poses a threat to some Mayan plant species, especially those with limited distribution areas, making them particularly vulnerable [2][1]. The preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge in Mayan culture, especially concerning pharmacologically significant plants, can be inferred from the recognition of useful plant species used in previous centuries. The existing data on the plants used as medicines indicate that various plants in traditional Mayan medicine may impact the neuroprotective pathways of the central nervous system, as well as the serotonin and acetylcholine levels [3][2]. Rodríguez-García et al. [4][3] studied the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, and antihypertensive potential of water extracts from plants originating from the Yucatan coast. However, the last literature review on rare or underutilized plants in the Mayan region did not provide detailed characteristics or information on the specific secondary metabolites that may be associated with the significant antioxidant potential of these plants. In contrast, there is extensive scientific knowledge available for pre-Columbian domesticated plants such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Mexico, which has been well studied not only for its use as food, but also for its medicinal properties. While primarily grown for its seeds, which are a nutritious snack, sunflower extracts and oils are used in cosmetics and skincare products. Sunflower oil is rich in vitamin E and essential fatty acids, making it beneficial for skin and hair health [5][4]. Similarly, Echinacea purpurea L. is originally from North America, including parts of Mexico. It is now widespread worldwide, especially in Europe, and is renowned for its high antioxidant potential. Echinacea is widely used for its potential immune-boosting properties. It is believed to help reduce the severity and duration of common colds and upper respiratory infections [6][5]. Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an integral part of Mexican cuisine and culture, used in dishes like salsa and mole. They have also influenced cuisines worldwide and are celebrated for their fiery flavor. Chili peppers are rich in capsaicin, a compound known for its medicinal properties [7][6]. Additionally, chili peppers are a good source of vitamins and antioxidants, contributing to their potential to boost metabolism and provide cardiovascular benefits. Cassava and sweet potato were among the most important plants in the Mayan region, along with mushrooms, peppers, and various herbs, all playing significant roles in human diets. Some trees were also utilized for construction purposes and herbal medicine. In the past year, there has been a screening of the antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of underutilized Mexican plants; however, a limited description of the antioxidant compositions of these plant extracts was provided [8,9][7][8]. Interest in the antioxidant properties of plants has gained significant momentum in scientific research, owing to the growing awareness of the harmful effects of the free radicals and oxidative stress on human health. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to inflammation, thereby underpinning the development of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders [8,9][7][8]. Focusing on the antioxidant properties of underutilized and rare plants is especially relevant in the context of Mayan-origin biodiversity. These plants are fundamental to the Mayan diet and traditional medicine and represent an invaluable genetic resource that could be at risk due to climate change and biodiversity loss. Moreover, identifying the specific secondary metabolites associated with the antioxidant potential of these plants could offer new avenues for drug and therapy development. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach could reveal unexplored therapeutic applications and provide conservation strategies for these endangered species.

2. Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds with Antioxidant Potential from Mayan Region

González et al. [10][9] have described the plant families with the largest number of species of medicinal plants in the Yucatan region. These families are Leguminosae, Euphobiaceae, Asteraceae, Verbenaceae, and Solanaceae. In contrast, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Simaroubaceae, and Rhamnaceae are the families with a lower number of species containing medicinal plants. On the other hand, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Simaroubaceae, and Rhamnaceae are the families characterized by a smaller variety of species housing medicinal plants. Currently, most botanical descriptions of rare plants from the Yucatan region focus on their antioxidant potential. However, the current work aims to also select the scientific data about the presence of specific biologically active compounds that are responsible for the beneficial effects of selected rare plant species [10][9].
People have attempted to present plants originally from the Yucatan region that are widespread all over the world, as well as rare Yucatan plants and their plant-derived metabolites with antioxidant potential. It is evident that flavonol quercetin and its isomers are present in all the described selected plant species originating from Yucatan. Furthermore, certain secondary metabolites are unique to specific plant species. For instance, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) contains the terpenoid capsidiol, purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) possesses cyclic monoterpene α-phellandrene, and Helianthus annuus yields the sesquiterpene α-copaene. Notably, copaene has demonstrated antioxidant activity, as well as cytotoxic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cultures, as observed in [12][10].
Among the chosen specific plant-derived compounds presented in the selected plant species of the Yucatan region, it would like to highlight the high presence of phenolic acids, terpenes, and terpenoids. β-eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid found in Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal, is of special scientific interest [13][11]. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic acid from Brosimum alicastrum, is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential [14,15][12][13]. The selected specific metabolites, along with their formula specifications, are presented in Figure 1.
Table 1.
Plants and plant-derived compounds with antioxidant potential from East North America region origin.
Plant Species Family Plant Part Terpenes

Terpenoids		 Phenolic Acids Alkaloids Flavonoids

Flavones		 Coumarins References
Achras sapota

(Sapodilla)		 Sapidaceae stem, leaves, fruit present (not specified) present (not specified) present (not specified) dihydromyricetin, quercitrin, myricitrin, catechin,

epicatechin, gallocatechin		 present (not specified) [16,17,18,19][14][15][16][17]
Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal (Sancoya) Annonaceae leaves, pulp, seeds β-eudesmol,

α-eudesmol		 present (not specified) Norpurpureine

7-formyl-dehydrothalicsimidine

8-7-hydroxy-dehydrothalicsimidine N-methyllaurotetanine N-methylasimilobine

Lirinidine

Thalicsimidine

Purpureine

3-hydroxyglaucine

Annomontine

Annopurpuricins A-D		 present (not specified) present (not specified) [20,21,22][18][19][20]
Astronium graveolens (Gateado) Anacardiaceae leaves lupeol 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-sinapoylquinic, 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-D-glucopyranose   quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside - [23][21]
Brosimum alicastrum swartz (Ramon) Moraceae leaves, seeds,

bark		 - Gallic, chloro genic, vanillic, sinapic, ferulic, t-cinnamic, coumaric, caffeic acid, p-hydroxibenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic acids - Quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, catechin gallate, syringetin, Kaempferol−O−dihexoside, Isoquercetin Xanthyletin, luvangetin, 8-hydroxyxanthyletin [24,25,26][22][23][24]
Byrsonima bucidaefolia

(Sak Pah)		 Malpighiaceae leaves - Methyl gallate, methyl-m-trigallate - - - [27][25]
Capsicum annuum

(Bell pepper)		 Solanaceae fruit capsidiol cinnamic acid capsaicinoids quercetin, luteolin, caffeoyl,

cinnamoyl glycosides,

apigenin		 coumaric acid

coumaroyl		 [28,29,30][26][27][28]
Cnidosfolus aconitifolius IM. Jonst

(Chaya)		   leaves α y β amyrin, borneol, hederaginin, oleanolic acid, squalene, lupeol acetate ellagic, ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, protocacheuic, vainillic, chlorogenic, caftaric, p-hidroxibenzoico, coutaric, syringic, synaptic acids choline, trigonelline, nicotinic acid, palmatine, sitsirikine, Dihydrositsirikine, vinblastine, vindoline, catharanthine, vinleurosine kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, catechin, hesperidin, narigenin, kaempferol, procuanidin B1, catechin, procyanidin B2, rutin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glycoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, trans-resveratrol - [31,32,33,34][29][30][31][32]
Cordia dodecandra DC. (Circote) Sapidaceae fruit - caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeoyl hexoside - Rutin, Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, lutein - [35,36,37][33][34][35]
Diospyros digyna Jacq. (Black sapote) Ebenaceae fruit,

pulp, peel, seeds		 - Cinnamic,

p-hydroxybenzoic, Caffeic,

Sinapic, Ferulic,

O-Coumaric,

Protocatechuic, Chlorogenic, Isochlorogenic		 - Catechin

Epicatechin

Myricetin

Gallocatechol

Epigallocatechin, rutin, Myricetrin, Isohermetin, Kaempherol-4′-glucoside, Quercetin, Dihydromyricetin, Cynaroside		 - [38,39][36][37]
Echinacea purpurea

(Purple coneflower)		 Asteraceae whole plant α-phellandrene, camphene, limonene present (not specified) pyrrolizidine alkaloids tussilagine and isotussilagine quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin Coumaric acid [40,42,43,44][41,38][39][40][41][42]
Helianthus annuus

(Common sunflower)		 Asteraceae seeds α-copaene, bornyl acetate, β-elemene, β-selinene, germacrene-D present (not specified) present (not specified) kaempferol, apigenin, dihydroflavonol, daidzein, biochanin A, formononetin, luteolin, quercetin p-coumaroyl [45,46,47][43][44][45]
Parmentiera aculeata (H.B. & K.) Seeman

(Cucumber kat)		 Bignoniaceae fruit Lactucin-8-O-methylacrylate present (not specified) present (not specified) - present (not specified) [48,49][46][47]
Pouteria campechiana (H.B. & K) Baehni

(Canisté)		 Sapidaceae fruit, leaves, seeds, bark Corsolic acid, euscaphic acid, fatty acid ester of betulinic acid, fatty acid ester of oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, ursolic acid, lucumic acid A, lucimic acid B, 4(R),23-epoxy-2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-24-norurs-12-en-

28-oic acid, 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-13α,27-cyclours-11-en-28-

oic acid, 2α, 3α, 19α, 23 tetrahydroxyursolic acid, 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxy-24-norursa-4(23),12-dien-28-O-ic

acid, 3β, 28- dihydroxy-olean-12-enyl fatty acid ester		 Caffeic, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, p-coumaric acid - Apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, kaempferol, luteolon, myricetin, myricitin, myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-β-galactoside, quercetin, rutin, myricetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-arabinopyranoside, taxifolin 3-O-arabinofuranoside, taxifolin 3-O-α, rhamnopyranoside - [50][48]
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth

(Dziuche)		 Leguminosae seeds (−)-19β-D-glucopyranosyl-6,7-dihydroxykaurenoate Caffeic acid, chlorogenic

acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic

acid,		 - apigenin, catechin, daidzein, kaemferol, luteolin,

quercetin, myricetin, naringin and rutin		 - [51,52][49][50]
Spondias purpurea L. Anacardiaceae leaves spathulenol, linolenic acid, t-caryophyllene, α-muurolene caffeic acid - epigallocatechin - [53,54][51][52]
 
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Figure 1.
Some specific secondary metabolites of the selected plant species of Yucatan region.
Figure 1 presents the secondary metabolites that were identified; however, there is a need for a more comprehensive investigation of the other known classes of natural products. Particularly noteworthy among the phenolic acids identified in the selected plant species from the Yucatan region is the significant content of sinapic acid found in Diospyros digyna Jacq. Sinapic acid is known for its various beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antimutagenic, anti-glycemic, and antibacterial functions [55][53]. Another phenolic acid known for its antioxidant potential is echinacoside, derived from Echinacea purpurea. Additionally, a significant level of caffeic acid from Cordia dodecandra has been confirmed, which has demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties [56][54] and antioxidant potentials [37][35].
Among the flavonoids found in substantial levels in the selected plants of the Yucatan region, people have kaempferol from Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst, quercitrin from Pouteria campechania, and luteolin from Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. Notably, luteolin, a flavonoid, is of special interest due to its multiple cardioprotective effects [57][55], as well as its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects [58][56].

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