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CD44, a non-kinase cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein, has been widely implicated as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in several cancers. Cells overexpressing CD44 possess several CSC traits, such as self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) capability, as well as a resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy.
CD44 Isoform | Association in Cancer Progress | Cancer Type | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
CD44, non-specified | Tumour cell aggregation, metastasis | Breast cancer | [10] |
CD44, non-specified | Adhesion, migration, invasion | Glioblastoma | [11][12] |
CD44, non-specified | Angiogenesis | Head and neck squamous carcinoma | [13] |
CD44, non-specified | Invasion, metastasis, EMT, cancer progression, poor prognosis | Pancreatic cancer | [14][15] |
CD44, non-specified | Proliferation, migration, invasion | Prostate Cancer | [16] |
CD44, non-specified | Metastasis, poor differentiation, invasion | Colorectal cancer | [17][18] |
CD44s | Tumour initiation, CSCs traits induction | Breast cancer | [19] |
CD44s | Metastasis | Breast cancer | [20] |
CD44s | EMT regulation, cancer progression | Breast cancer | [21] |
CD44s | Poor DFS, poor OS, invasion, EMT | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [22] |
CD44s | Invasion, metastasis, EMT, poor differentiation, chemotaxis |
Gallbladder cancer | [23] |
CD44s | Proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT, stemness | Prostate cancer | [24] |
CD44s | EMT, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | [25] |
CD44s | EMT, radio-resistance | Pancreatic cancer | [26] |
CD44v2 | Poor OS, advanced cancer stage | Colorectal cancer | [27] |
CD44v2 | Poor OS, invasion | Pancreatic cancer | [28] |
CD44v3 | Poor OS, invasion, metastasis | Oral squamous carcinoma | [29] |
CD44v3 | Stem cells self-renewal | Myeloid leukaemia | [30] |
CD44v3 | Metastasis | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | [31] |
CD44v4 | Proliferation, migration, radio-resistance | Head and neck squamous carcinoma |
[32] |
CD44v5 | High histological grade, poor differentiation, poor OS |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | [33] |
CD44v6 | Tumour budding, invasion, metastasis | Oral squamous carcinoma | [34] |
CD44v6 | Proliferation, invasion, adhesion, metastasis, EMT, chemo/radio-resistance |
Prostate cancer | [35] |
CD44v6 | Local recurrence, invasion, metastasis | Tongue squamous carcinoma | [36] |
CD44v6 | Tumour budding, locoregional failure (metastasis, local recurrence) | Colorectal cancer | [37] |
CD44v6 | Proliferation, migration, radio-resistance | Head and neck squamous carcinoma |
[32] |
CD44v6 | Metastasis | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | [31] |
CD44v6 | Poor OS, invasion | Pancreatic cancer | [28] |
CD44v6 | High histological grade, poor differentiation, poor OS |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | [33] |
CD44v6 | Invasion, metastasis, poor OS, TNM stage | Pancreatic cancer | [38] |
CD44v6 | FIGO stage, poor prognosis | Cervical cancer | [39] |
CD44v6 | Metastasis, self-adhesion of aggressive NHL cells | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | [40] |
CD44v6 | Infiltration, metastasis | Oesophageal squamous carcinoma | [41] |
CD44v6 | Proliferation, myofibroblastic differentiation | Gastric cancer | [42] |
CD44v7 | Proliferation, migration, radio-resistance | Head and neck squamous carcinoma |
[32] |
CD44v9 | Increased tumourigenicity | Gallbladder cancer | [23] |
CD44v9 | Invasion, metastasis, poor OS, TNM stage | Pancreatic cancer | [38] |
CD44v9 | Proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT | Cholangiocarcinoma | [43] |
CD44v9 | Invasion, migration, worse prognosis | Bladder cancer | [44] |
CD44v10 | High histological grade, poor differentiation, poor OS |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | [33] |
CD44v10 | Histological grade, clinical and pathological stage, poor survival |
Renal carcinoma | [45] |
CD44v10 | Migration, metastasis, promote tumourigenesis |
Breast cancer | [46][47] |
CD44v4-5 | Infiltration, metastasis | Oesophageal squamous carcinoma | [41] |
CD44v4-5 | Poor differentiation | Non-small cell lung carcinoma | [48] |
CD44v5-6 | Proliferation, KRAS/MAPK signalling, promoting tumour development | Lung adenocarcinoma | [49] |
CD44v6-7 | Metastasis | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | [2] |
CD44v7-8 | High histological grade, poor differentiation, poor OS |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | [33] |
CD44v7-8 | FIGO stage, poor prognosis | Cervical cancer | [39] |
CD44v7-8 | Invasion, high-risk HPV infection | Uterine cervical squamous carcinoma |
[50] |
CD44v8-9 | Proliferation, KRAS/MAPK signalling, promoting tumour development | Lung adenocarcinoma | [49] |
CD44v4-7 | Metastasis | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | [2] |
CD44v7-10 | Invasion | Prostate cancer | [51] |
CD44v8-10 | Migration, metastasis, sphere formation | Breast cancer | [52] |
CD44v8-10 | Tumour initiation, CSCs traits induction | Gastric cancer | [53] |
CD44v8-10 | Metastasis | Lung cancer | [54] |
CD44v8-10 | Metastasis, relapse | Gastric cancer | [55] |
CD44v8-10 | Poor prognosis, chemo/radio-resistance | Oesophageal squamous carcinoma | [56] |
CD44v8-10 | Chemoresistance | Urothelial cancer | [57] |
CD44v2-10 | CSCs traits induction, tumour subtype, oncogenic signalling pathways | Breast cancer | [58] |
CD44v3-10 | CSCs traits induction, tumour subtype, oncogenic signalling pathways | Breast cancer | [58] |
CD44v3-10 | Metastasis, self-adhesion of aggressive NHL cells | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | [40] |
CD44v4-10 | Tumour initiation, wild-type phenotype | Intestinal cancer | [6] |
CD44v6-10 | Metastasis, self-adhesion of aggressive NHL cells | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | [40] |
CD44v6-10 | Metastasis, relapse | Gastric cancer | [55] |
CD44v3, 8-10 | Metastasis, relapse | Gastric cancer | [55] |
CD44v3, 8-10 | Metastasis, migration | Breast cancer | [59] |