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Natural fibers are flexible filaments extracted from renewable sources, with complex properties due to the wide variations in the chemical and structural composition of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, fatty acids, pectins, and other structures linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and forces of Van der Waals forming microfibrils with parallel arrangement.
Natural Fibers | Scientific Name | Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | Extractive (%) | Ashes (%) | Author, Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar cane | Saccharum officinarum | 46.6–45.1 | 25.5–25.0 | 20.7–14.1 | 29.4–2.7 | 8.0–2.6 | [1][8] |
Pineapple | Ananas comosus | 81.2–45.0 | 50.0–12.3 | 30.0–3.4 | _ | _ | [9][10] |
Banana | Musa paradisiaca | 60.0–10.0 | 19.0–16.0 | 19.0–5.0 | 9.6–2.0 | 11.0–1.2 | [10][11] |
Hemp | Cannabis sativa | 72.0–68.0 | 15.0–10.0 | 10.0–3.0 | _ | 5.8–2.3 | [12][13] |
Coconut | Cocos nucifera | 53.0–43.0 | 14.7–1.0 | 45.0–38.4 | _ | _ | [13][14][15] |
Jute | Corchorus capsularis | 72.0–60.0 | 22.1–13.0 | 15.9–13.0 | _ | 3.0–2.5 | [12][13] |
Oil palm | Elaeis guineensis | 45.0–28.2 | 18.8–12.7 | 49.5–9.4 | 7.13–2.0 | [16][17] | |
Wheat | Triticum | 43.2–60.5 | 34.1–20.8 | 22.0–9.0 | _ | 5.7–5.6 | [18][13] |
Kenaf | Hibiscus cannabinus | 65.7–63.5 | 17.6–15.3 | 21.6–12.7 | 4.0–2.0 | 2.2–1.0 | [1][19] |
Flax | Linum usitatissimum | 81.0–70.0 | 20.6–16.7 | 10.0–3.0 | _ | _ | [12][14] |
Ramie | Boehmeria nivea | 73.0–69.8 | 14.0–9.6 | 3.9–1.6 | _ | _ | [15][19][20] |
Sisal | Agave sisalana | 75.0–65.0 | 13.9–10.0 | 10.0–7.6 | _ | 1.0–0.4 | [13][21][22] |
Natural Fibers | Density (g/cm3) | Endurance Traction (Mpa) | Tension Module (Gpa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Author, Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood | 0.50–1.4 | 130–64 | 70–7 | _ | [31][32] |
Flax | 1.5–1.4 | 650–250 | 70–27 | 3.2–2.3 | [33][34][29][31] |
Hemp | 1.6–1.4 | 690–630 | 70.0–45 | 3.0–1.6 | [14][35][36] |
Jute | 1.5–1.3 | 773–325 | 55–26 | 2.5–1.5 | [34][31][37] |
Coconut | 1.5–1.2 | 180–146 | 6–3 | 30.0–27.5 | [33][14][31] |
Cotton | 1.6–1.5 | 310–191 | 12–5 | 8.0–7.0 | [34][31][36] |
Sisal | 1.2–1.5 | 430–335 | 22–9 | 8.0–2.5 | [33][29][36] |
Kenaf | 1.5–1.4 | 930–641 | 53–36 | 1.6–3.5 | [30][38][39] |
Bamboo | 1.1–0.6 | 140–600 | 89–48 | _ | [34][38][40] |