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Köhler, J. Challenges for Nanotechnology. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12386 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
Köhler J. Challenges for Nanotechnology. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12386. Accessed September 22, 2026.
Köhler, Johann. "Challenges for Nanotechnology" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12386 (accessed September 22, 2026).
Köhler, J. (2021, July 24). Challenges for Nanotechnology. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12386
Köhler, Johann. "Challenges for Nanotechnology." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 July, 2021.
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Challenges for Nanotechnology

The term “Nanotechnology” describes a large field of scientific and technical activities dealing with objects and technical components with small dimensions. Typically, bodies that are in–at least–two dimensions smaller than 0.1 µm are regarded as “nanobjects”. By this definition, a lot of advanced materials, as well as the advanced electronic devices, are objects of nanotechnology. In addition, many aspects of molecular biotechnology as well as macromolecular and supermolecular chemistry and nanoparticle techniques are summarized under “nanotechnology”. Despite this size-oriented definition, nanotechnology is dealing with physics and chemistry as well as with the realization of technical functions in the area between very small bodies and single particles and molecules. This includes the shift from classical physics into the quantum world of small molecules and low numbers or single elementary particles. Besides the already established fields of nanotechnology, there is a big expectation about technical progress and solution to essential economic, medical, and ecological problems by means of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology can only meet these expectations if fundamental progress behind the recent state of the art can be achieved. Therefore, very important challenges for nanotechnology are discussed here.

limits of nanotechnology nanofacility shrinking modularity sustainability hierarchical organiza-tion entropy export time scales life cycles

References

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  2. Köhler, M.; Fritzsche, W. Nanotechnology. An Introduction to Nanostructuring Techniques; Wiley VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2007; pp. 1–11.
  3. Vollath, D. Nanomaterials. In An Introduction to Synthesis, Characterization and Processing; Wiley VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2008.
  4. Madou, M. Fundamentals of Microfabrication; CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1997.
  5. Li, L.; Liu, X.; Pal, S.; Wang, S.L.; Ober, C.K.; Giannelis, E.P. Extreme ultraviolet resist material for sub-7-nm patterning. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 4855–4866.
  6. Drexler, K.E. Nanosystems; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1992.
  7. Lindsey, S. Self-assembly in synthetic routes to molecular devices. Biological principles and chemical perspectives: A review. New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 153–180.
  8. Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Venturi, M. Molecular Devices and Machines. A Journey into the Nanoworld; Wiley VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
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