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Lung cancer represents the first cause of death by cancer worldwide and remains a challenging public health issue. Hypoxia, as a relevant biomarker, has raised high expectations for clinical practice.
Hypoxic Marker | Biological Material | Method of Assessment | Observation | Clinical Interest | Advantage | Limitation | Patients (n) | REF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIF-1 α | Tumour cells | Histological | ↑ expression associated with lymph node metastasis | Staging | Reproducible | Variability on HIF-1α threshold of positivity and its intracellular localization | 1436 | [38] |
Tumour cells | ↑ expression associated with ↓ OS | Prognosis | 1049 | [38] | ||||
1113 | [47] | |||||||
256 | [136] | |||||||
Serum concentrations | Circulating blood marker | ↓ serum concentration during chemoradiotherapy course | Response monitoring | Mini-invasive procedure Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
No control group | 80 | [137] | |
HIF-2 α | Tumour cells | Histological | ↑ expression associated with ↑ stages ↑ expression associated with ↓ OS |
Staging Prognosis |
Reproducible | Restricted to stages I to III No association with HIF-1 α expression |
140 | [50] |
Ang-2 | Tumour cells | Histological and mRNA expression | ↑ expression associated with ↑stages ↑ expression associated with ↓ OS |
Staging Prognosis |
Reproducible | mRNA expression not currently transposable in clinical routine Significance restricted to AC subgroup |
1244 | [46] |
Serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | ↑ concentration associated with lung cancer (Se 92.5 and Sp 97.5%) | Diagnosis | Mini-invasive procedure Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
High threshold | 228 | [43] | |
↑ expression associated with ↑ stages ↑ expression associated with ↓ OS |
Staging Prognosis |
- | 575 | [44] | ||||
GLUT-1 | Tumour cells | Protein and mRNA expression | Co-expression with PD-L1 ↓ co- expression associated with ↑ OS |
Prognosis | Reproducible | No evaluation of ICI sensibility | 295 | [104] |
CA-IX | Serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | ↑ concentrations associated with ↓ survival rates under radiotherapy | Prognosis | Mini-invasive procedure Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Small effective | 55 | [138] |
Flow extraction product | CT radiomic analysis | CT features | ↓ enhancement associated with lymph node metastasis Correlation with GLUT expression | Staging | Radiometabolic hypoxia-related markers | Small effective Non-standardised techniques of acquisition and analyses |
14 | [139] |
Standardised Uptake Values (SUV) | PET radiomic analysis | Metabolic features | Correlation with histological HIF-1α expression | Not established | Non-invasive procedure Tumour heterogeneity consideration |
No investigation on prognosis | 288 | [140] |
OPN | Serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | ↑ concentrations associated with ↓ OS | Predictive of ↓ outcomes with chemoradiotherapy Predictive of ↓ outcomes with radiotherapy Predictive of tumoural response and prognosis with chemoradiotherapy |
Non-invasive procedure Tumour heterogeneity consideration Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Included in a multiparametric model with other proteins | 263 | [141] |
Small effective | 44 | [142] | ||||||
81 | [143] | |||||||
55 | [138] | |||||||
Significance restricted to SqCC subgroup | 337 | [144] | ||||||
VEGF | Tumour cells | Histological and mRNA expression | ↑ concentration associated with ↓ OS | Monitoring of tumoural response under chemoradiotherapy | Reproducible | Variability on VEGF threshold of positivity and intracellular localization | 1549 | [145] |
Serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | ↑ concentration associated with ↓ OS | Predictive of response and prognosis with immunotherapy | Non-invasive procedure Tumour heterogeneity consideration Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Significance restricted to elderly (>75 y.o) or PS > 2. | 235 | [146] | |
↑ concentration associated with ↓ survival rates under radiotherapy | Predictive of ↓ outcomes with radiotherapy | Small effective | 55 | [138] | ||||
bFGF | Serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | ↑ concentration associated with ↓ OS | Monitoring of tumoural response under chemoradiotherapy regimen | Non-invasive procedure Tumour heterogeneity consideration Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Variability on bFGF threshold of positivity | 358 | [147] |
miR-21, miR-128, miR-155, miR-181a | mi-RNA serum concentration | Circulating blood marker | Prediction of outcomes with first-line chemotherapy | Predictive of tumoural response Prognosis |
Non-invasive procedure Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Not currently transposable in clinical routine Significance restricted to SqCC subgroup | 128 | [148] |
CA-IX, CCL20, CORO1C, CTSC, LDHA, NDRG, PTP4A3, TUBA1B |
Gene expression signature | mRNA expression | Predictive of hypoxic tumours associated with ↓ OS Co-expression with TILs infiltration |
Prognosis | Non-invasive procedure Reproducible Real-time monitoring |
Not currently transposable in clinical routine | 515 | [97] |
In this study, we conducted an extensive review of the potential impact of hypoxia in each stage of NSCLC and highlighted clinical and pathological features related to hypoxic tumours relevant to clinicians. It appears that some tumours are more frequently associated with hypoxic regions than others, such as poorly differentiated SqCC presenting a tumour microenvironment including high tumoural microvessel density and stroma-enriched immune cells harbouring epithelial-to-mesenchymal polarization. The current challenge to identifying hypoxia remains the definition of relevant thresholds for markers discriminating hypoxic from non-hypoxic tumours. Pathological examinations and immunostainings are needed to validate further markers in paired and matched comparison studies. The identification of biological signatures based on nucleic acid expressions may contribute to the development of hypoxic-scores after validation in larger and design-dedicated cohorts. Systematic genetic association studies taking hypoxia as a relevant parameter will ideally complement the translational approach. We also reviewed current promising approaches allowing to evaluate hypoxia in the NSCLC context with a special interest in the most suitable and transposable approaches in clinical routine. Tumour hypoxia biology is complex and in constant evolution over time, given that sequential drugs and radiation use lead to resistance and treatment escape. We finally investigated how hypoxic characterisation could influence the major steps of lung cancer clinical management. For patients with early cured NSCLC, transversal hypoxic tumour determination might also be of interest to isolate and predict those who would benefit from adjuvant therapies to reduce the risk of relapse. Nonetheless, challenges and clinical goals are specific in advanced and metastatic stages when aiming to predict tumour response across various regimens of treatments. In these later stages, longitudinal hypoxic characterisation might be the most relevant approach. Repeated PET/CT scans and more strikingly, circulating hypoxia-related markers may enable monitoring of tumour variations and adaptation of clinical strategies in a personalised approach. Despite limitations to hypoxia implementation in lung cancer clinical management, evidence is accumulating for its consideration, including dedicated hypoxia-related treatments. Hypoxia characterisation could improve the outcome of patients with NSCLC and might represent the next step to a personalised medical protocol in the field of cancer.