Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 1354 word(s) 1354 2020-09-30 08:13:39 |
2 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 13:48:57 | |
3 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 13:49:37 | |
4 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 13:50:14 | |
5 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 13:58:18 | |
6 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 14:04:44 | |
7 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 14:05:42 | |
8 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 14:06:31 | |
9 We conducted a systematic review of 77 literature records published from 2000 to 2020. Researchers and practitioners can utilise this paper as a potential reference and a starting point to surpass current hindrances and to sharpen research directions.
Hoang Long Nguyen
 + 461 word(s) 1815 2020-10-05 14:08:41 | |
10 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1815 2020-10-26 12:38:04 | |
11 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1815 2020-10-29 04:11:28 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Nguyen, H.L.; Akerkar, R. Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2354 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Nguyen HL, Akerkar R. Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2354. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Nguyen, Hoang Long, Rajendra Akerkar. "Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2354 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Nguyen, H.L., & Akerkar, R. (2020, October 05). Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2354
Nguyen, Hoang Long and Rajendra Akerkar. "Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience." Encyclopedia. Web. 05 October, 2020.
Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su12197896

       The concept of community resilience receives much attention in studies and applications due to its ability to provide preparedness against hazards, to protect our life against risks, and to recover to stable living conditions. Nevertheless, community resilience is complex, contextual, multifaceted, and therefore hard to define, recognise, and operationalise. An essential advantage of having a complete process for community resilience is the capacity to be aware of and respond appropriately in times of adversity. A three-step process constituting of modelling, measurement, and visualisation is crucial to determine components, to assess value, and to represent information of community resilience, respectively. The goal of this review is to offer a general overview of multiple perspectives for modelling, measuring, and visualising community resilience derived from related and emerging studies, projects, and tools. By engaging throughout the entire process, which involves three sequential steps as we mentioned above, communities can discover important components of resilience, optimise available local and natural resources, and mitigate the impact of impairments effectively and efficiently.

community resilience systematic overview resilience modelling knowledge representation resilience assessment resilience visualisation

1. Introduction

       The word resilience originally stems from the Latin term “resiliere” that means to jump back or bounce back. The first careful consideration of the term resilience arose in the field of mechanics in 1858, followed by psychology in the 1950s, human ecology in the 1990s, and ending up with disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the 2000s [1]. Resilience concentrates on improving the capacity of a system in the face of multiple hazards, rather than precluding or diminishing the loss of assets because of specified events. Resilience accepts the condition that a wide range of disruptive events—both stresses and shocks—may take place but are not inevitably foreseeable. This research topic has received significant interest from not only researchers but also practitioners and service-users. Recognising the importance of resilience, many definitions at multiple domains have been offered, as shown in Figure 1, including physical [2][3], social [4][5], ecological [6][7][8], economic [9], individual [10][11], and community [12][13]. According to the mentioned literature, there is no commonly accepted way to define the concept of resilience formally; besides, several definitions are even overlapping with existing concepts [14], some of which are robustness, fault-tolerance, flexibility, survivability, and agility.

 
Sustainability 12 07896 g001 550

Figure 1. Multiple domains of resilience.

       As the formal definition given by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), resilience is “the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner [15]”, in not only pre- but also post-disaster. During pre-disaster, we aim at anticipating vulnerabilities and risks proactively to mitigate harmful effects. On the other hand, the capability of valid and sufficient recovery is an essential objective in the post-disaster period [16]. Studies about resilience can help our societies in reducing disaster risk, adapting to climate changes, and coming up with strategies to develop more sustainably and efficiently.

       In this paper, we focus on giving an overview of multiple perspectives regarding community resilience. Community resilience aims at representing the abilities of a local community as a complex system, including actions and interactions of local agencies, natural and built environments, critical infrastructures, and citizens, to reduce, withstand, and even turn back from impacts of hazards, as well as the competence to adapt and thrive themselves to be less vulnerable to future disasters and emergencies. There are more and more studies concentrating on building community resilience across various application domains (e.g., tourism [17], biodiversity management [18], energy [19], and mental health [20]) at either global [21] or regional levels, some of which are Brazil [22], Greece [23], and the United Kingdom [24]. Nonetheless, this research field still needs many efforts from researchers and practitioners to come up with comprehensive methodologies to model, measure, and understand community resilience. These three mandatory phases can support communities in proposing additional activities and new approaches to the comprehension of how to ensure that our communities can be better prepared, more flexible, and have the ability to bounce back promptly from an event, whatever form it may take. 

       Our motivation is to provide crucial knowledge regarding multiple methods for modelling, measuring, and visualising community resilience in this paper. For coming up with optimal decision-making criteria and strategies to make our communities resilient, we should focus on the entire process—all of these three phases. In particular, we address various components and properties to model community resilience; different qualitative, quantitative, and hybrid approaches for measuring resilience value; and several visualisation methods at the end to show resilience-related information. We believe that this paper can support not only academic researchers but also practitioners in recognising what frameworks are already out there and how we can build on them.

2. Background

       Community resilience is a complicated concept that cannot be captured and turned into explicit knowledge effortlessly. What is generally accepted among researchers is the fact that community resilience tremendously depends on multiple components that affect and influence the overall resilience of a community [25]. Such elements can be related to particular risks, temporal and spatial contexts, and community features that resilience refers to (e.g., perception, hazards, and capacities). Even more complex, the term community resilience also has diverse meanings between communities by referring to different components of the community, including, but not limited to, the resilience of community infrastructure [26] and the resilience of social relationships [27]. Hence, it is necessary to identify, define, and describe the particular components and properties of community resilience in the process of modelling.

       Based on components and properties defined in the modelling step, we can apply qualitative, quantitative, or hybrid methodologies to translate resilience dimensions, indicators, and proxies into tractable and understandable frameworks, expressions, formulations, or values. The target of qualitative methods is to provide detailed descriptions depending on specific contexts. To enable the ability to understand and transfer results, experts account for their viewpoints and perspectives [28] through case studies, grounded theories, interviews, ethnography, phenomenology, and hermeneutics [29]. It is ordinary to represent qualitative results as charts, diagrams, and other graphics by using visualisation methods. On the other hand, we measure quantitative value by paying attention to community resilience at a particular time point or by comparing resilience value before and after an event [30]. Generally, the community resilience value is appropriate for internal use. To compare a community with others, we may use their rank or percentile equivalent of the community resilience value; however, we have to ensure that the measurements should be taken in similar contexts. Our data should be comparable, comprehensible, measurable, and relevant [21] so that it is suitable for quantitative methodologies. Further, hybrid approaches are the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods; therefore, they can estimate both the tangible and intangible value of community resilience.

       Visualisation is the final puzzle piece to complete a big-picture of community resilience. In emergencies, especially in situations requiring immediate actions, we may face a massive amount of community resilience information. Visualisation is an effective and efficient solution that has the capacity to represent resilience-related information of communities in systematic forms without missing essential details [31]. We can also utilise information visualisation to discover latent patterns, which are arduous to recognise manually [32]. Additionally, emerging digital visualisation tools can involve end-users in many interactions (e.g., zooming in or out, employing dynamic charts, and changing visual appearances such as colours and shapes). With the support of disruptive technologies (e.g., machine learning and artificial intelligence) [33], we can leverage information visualisation to build recommender systems and dashboards for potential use in emergencies, disasters, and catastrophes as well.

3. Methodological Approach

       This section describes in detail how we identify relevant and credible literature addressing resilience at different community levels. In the following sections, common themes are determined and summarised to generate insights into community resilience. The interest of this review is to find and evaluate studies, projects, and tools that draw upon new solutions for communities to model, measure, and visualise resilience.

3.1. Research Question

       There is a need for a more transparent analytical overview and a selection of the studies, projects, and tools most relevant to what we can focus on in more detail. The results of this review will summarise and discuss the following research questions. Generally, different communities could benefit from this paper’s much more comprehensive overview of:

  1. What resilience studies, projects, and tools at community-based levels already exist?

  2. What types of threats, hazards, shocks, disasters, etc. do they face?

  3. What and how many resilience components and properties do they define?

  4. How do they measure community resilience—i.e., using more qualitative evidence, quantitative indicators, or a combination of the two?

  5. What are the appropriate visualisation techniques to express community resilience information?[34]

       We conduct this review study to fulfill the information required by communities in both static and dynamic phases. In the static phase, our target is to define what we have and what we suffer from. On the other hand, we aim at understanding whether those variables represent objects or contexts that we can work towards in the dynamic phase.

 3.2. Search Strategy

       Concerning geographic-based communities and resilience, the concept of community resilience may contain two proxies which are urban and rural resilience [34]. Urban resilience puts more focus on the ability of cities or urban systems to rebound from destruction [35], whereas rural resilience aims to conserve a satisfactory standard of living in rural areas [36]. For the sake of generalisation, we take into account studies, projects, and tools related to not only community resilience but also urban and rural resilience. We started this work by searching the published articles on Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, which are not limited to particular disciplines, using text strings “community resilience”, “urban resilience”, “rural resilience”, “resilience assessment”, and “resilience visualisation” and their combinations. Meanwhile, the systematic search of relevant projects and tools is conducted on the Google search engine. We also check the reference lists of the selected articles to discover additional related work. Supplementary data sources involve our pre-existing knowledge of the literature. 

3.3. Eligibility Criteria and Selection Process

       To be included in this review, the inclusion criteria established that the literature must adhere to the following rules. No restrictions are imposed with regard to the time or country of publication.

  • Focusing on modelling, measuring, or visualising community, urban, or rural resilience.

  • Having full-text publications or descriptions.

  • Publishing in the English language.

       On the contrary, we define the exclusion criteria used to filter literature that is not relevant for this study as follows.

  • The literature is a letter, thesis, dissertation, or conference abstract.

  • The literature is not related to defined research questions.

       After screening the data, full-text documents are collected to extract necessary study-specific parameters (e.g., type of resilience at community-based levels, number of resilience components, methodologies to assess resilience, and techniques for representing resilience information) for further analysis. Upon our search using the search strategy and inclusion criteria devised, we identify 77 studies, projects, and tools in the last 20 years, from 2000 to 2020, for inclusion in this review.

References

  1. Alexander, D.E. Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Etymological Journey. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 13, 2707–2716.
  2. Bodin, P.; Wiman, B. Resilience and Other Stability Concepts in Ecology: Notes on Their Origin, Validity, and Usefulness. ESS Bull. 2004, 2, 33–43.
  3. Gordon, J.E. Structures: Or Why Things Don’t Fall Down; Da Capo Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009.
  4. Adger, W.N. Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related? Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2000, 24, 347–364.
  5. Kofinas, G. Resilience of Human-Rangifer Systems: Frames off Resilience Help to Inform Studies of Human Dimensions of Change and Regional Sustainability. IHDP Update 2003, 2, 6–7.
  6. Waller, M.A. Resilience in Ecosystemic Context: Evolution of the Concept. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2001, 71, 290–297.
  7. Klein, R.J.; Nicholls, R.J.; Thomalla, F. Resilience to Natural Hazards: How Useful Is This Concept? Glob. Environ. Chang. Part B Environ. Hazards 2003, 5, 35–45.
  8. Longstaff, P.H. Security, Resilience, and Communication in Unpredictable Environments Such as Terrorism, Natural Disasters, and Complex Technology; Center for Information Policy Research, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2005.
  9. Rose,A. EconomicResiliencetoNaturalandMan-MadeDisasters: MultidisciplinaryOriginsandContextual Dimensions. Environ. Hazards 2007, 7, 383–398.
  10. Egeland, B.; Carlson, E.; Sroufe, L.A. Resilience as Process. Dev. Psychopathol. 1993, 5, 517–528.
  11. Butler,L.;Morland,L.;Leskin,G. PsychologicalResilienceintheFaceofTerrorism. InPsychologyofTerrorism; Bongar, B., Brown, L.M., Beutler, L.E., Breckenridge, J.N., Zimbardo, P.G., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 400–417.
  12. Coles, E.; Buckle, P. Developing Community Resilience as a Foundation for Effective Disaster Recovery. Aust. J. Emerg. Manag. 2004, 19, 6–15.
  13. Kimhi,S.;Shamai,M. CommunityResilienceandtheImpactofStress: AdultResponsetoIsrael’sWithdrawal From Lebanon. J. Community Psychol. 2004, 32, 439–451.
  14. Hosseini, S.; Barker, K.; Ramirez-Marquez, J.E. A Review of Definitions and Measures of System Resilience. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2016, 145, 47–61.
  15. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). Resilience. Available online: https://www. preventionweb.net/terminology/view/501 (accessed on 11 May 2020).
  16. Nguyen, H.L.; Akerkar, R. Leveraging Big Data Technologies for Community Resilience. In Proceedings of the 2019 Norwegian Conference for Organizations’ Use of Information Technology (NOKOBIT 2019), Narvik, Norway, 25–27 November 2019; pp. 1–2.
  17. Cheer, J.M.; Milano, C.; Novelli, M. Tourism and Community Resilience in the Anthropocene: Accentuating Temporal Overtourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2019, 27, 554–572.
  18. Kuhlicke,C.EmbracingCommunityResilienceinEcosystemManagementandResearch. InAtlasofEcosystem Services; Schröter, M., Bonn, A., Klotz, S., Seppelt, R., Baessler, C., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 17–20.
  19. Mohabat Doost, D.; Buffa, A.; Brunetta, G.; Salata, S.; Mutani, G. Mainstreaming Energetic Resilience by Morphological Assessment in Ordinary Land Use Planning. The Case Study of Moncalieri, Turin (Italy). Sustainability 2020, 12, 4443.
  20. Masson, T.; Bamberg, S.; Stricker, M.; Heidenreich, A. “We Can Help Ourselves”: Does Community Resilience Buffer Against the Negative Impact of Flooding on Mental Health? Nat. HazardsEarthSyst. Sci. 2019, 19, 2371–2384.
  21. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR). IndicatorsofProgress. Guidance on Measuring theReduction of Disaster Risks and the Implementation of theHyogo Framework for Action; United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  22. Leite, M.; Ross, H.; Berkes, F. Interactions between individual, household, and fishing community resilience in southeast Brazil. Ecol. Soc. 2019, 24, 2.
  23. Apostolopoulos, N.; Newbery, R.; Gkartzios, M. Social Enterprise and Community Resilience: Examining a Greek Response to Turbulent Times. J. Rural. Stud. 2019, 70, 215–224.
  24. Ntontis, E.; Drury, J.; Amlôt, R.; Rubin, G.J.; Williams, R. Community Resilience and Flooding in UK Guidance: A Critical Review of Concepts, Definitions, and Their Implications. J.ContingenciesCrisisManag. 2019, 27, 2–13.
  25. Sharifi, A. A Critical Review of Selected Tools for Assessing Community Resilience. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 69, 629–647.
  26. Kameshwar, S.; Cox, D.T.; Barbosa, A.R.; Farokhnia, K.; Park, H.; Alam, M.S.; vande Lindt, J.W. Probabilistic Decision-Support Framework for Community Resilience: Incorporating Multi-Hazards, Infrastructure Interdependencies, and Resilience Goals in a Bayesian Network. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2019, 191, 106568.
  27. DeRolt,C.;DaSilva,D.;García,F. NetworkAnalysisasaManagementToolforInter-OrganizationalProjects. Gestão Produção 2017, 24, 266–278.
  28. Ungar, M. Qualitative Contributions to Resilience Research. Qual. Soc. Work 2003, 2, 85–102.
  29. Somasundaram, D.; Sivayokan, S. Rebuilding Community Resilience in a Post-War Context: Developing Insight and Recommendations—A Qualitative Study in Northern Sri Lanka. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 2013, 7, 3.
  30. Bruneau,M.;Chang,S.E.;Eguchi,R.T.;Lee,G.C.;O’Rourke,T.D.;Reinhorn,A.M.;Shinozuka,M.;Tierney,K.; Wallace,W.A.;VonWinterfeldt,D. AFrameworktoQuantitativelyAssessandEnhancetheSeismicResilience of Communities. Earthq. Spectra 2003, 19, 733–752.
  31. Fayyad, U.; Grinstein, G.G.; Wierse, A. Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery; Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2001.
  32. Jung, J.E.; Hong, M.; Nguyen, H.L. Serendipity-Based Storification: From Lifelogging to Storytelling. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2017, 76, 10345–10356.
  33. Nguyen, H.L.; Jung, J.E. SocioScope: A Framework for Understanding Internet of Social Knowledge. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2018, 83, 358–365.
  34. Rapaport, C.; Hornik-Lurie, T.; Cohen, O.; Lahad, M.; Leykin, D.; Aharonson-Daniel, L. The Relationship Between Community Type and Community Resilience. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2018, 31, 470–477. 35. Campanella, T.J. Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2006, 72, 141–146.
  35. Campanella, T.J. Urban Resilience and the Recovery of New Orleans. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2006, 72, 141–146.
  36. Heijman, W.; Hagelaar, G.; van der Heide, M. Rural Resilience as a New Development Concept. In EU Bioeconomy Economics and Policies: Volume II; Dries, L., Heijman, W., Jongeneel, R., Purnhagen, K., Wesseler, J., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 195–211.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Management
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Hoang Long Nguyen
,
Rajendra Akerkar
View Times: 679
Revisions: 11 times (View History)
Update Date: 29 Oct 2020
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback